“A stream could flow under the foot of a beautiful girl.”
The bones of the foot consist of three sections: tarsus, metatarsus and toes. The tarsal bones combine seven short spongy bones arranged in two rows. The posterior row is formed by the talus and calcaneus, and the anterior row by the scaphoid, medial, intermediate and lateral sphenoid bones and the cuboid bone. The talus articulates with the bones of the lower leg. Below the talus is the calcaneus, and anteriorly and inferiorly lie the scaphoid, sphenoid and cuboid bones.
The metatarsals are made up of short, tubular bones. The bases of the metatarsal bones connect and form joints with the cuboid and sphenoid bones. And the metatarsal bones are connected to the main phalanges of the fingers by their heads. The bones of the toes are formed from three phalanges (main, middle and nail). The exception is the thumb, which is formed by only two phalanges (main and nail).
The human foot is also characterized by arches. The foot rests on the calcaneal tubercle and the heads of the metatarsal bones. The moderate support area is combined with savings in biological material and the strength of the entire device. Thanks to the muscles of the lower leg descending onto the foot, its own muscles, the ligamentous apparatus, coupled with the plantar tendons, the arches received spring properties: softening impacts on the ground, distributing weight, which allows the foot to smoothly adapt to uneven soil. As you know, springs support the load of the entire body more easily than a flat foot. People with this pathology know how unpleasant it is, but they are unlikely to realize that their feet resemble those of a bear.
Flatfoot is a foot deformity characterized by flattening of its arches. There are transverse and longitudinal flat feet; a combination of both forms is possible. Transverse flatfoot in combination with other deformities is 55.23%, longitudinal flatfoot in combination with other foot deformities is 29.3%.
With transverse flatfoot, the transverse arch of the foot is flattened, its anterior section rests on the heads of all five metatarsals, and not on I and V, as is normal, the length of the feet decreases due to the fan-shaped divergence of the metatarsal bones, the outward deviation of the first toe and the hammertoe. middle finger deformities. With longitudinal flatfoot, the longitudinal arch is flattened and the foot is in contact with the floor with almost the entire area of the sole, the length of the feet increases.
Flat feet are directly dependent on body weight: the greater the weight and, therefore, the load on the feet, the more pronounced the longitudinal flat feet. This pathology occurs mainly in women. Longitudinal flatfoot occurs most often at the age of 16-25 years, transverse - at 35-50 years. Based on the origin of flatfoot, a distinction is made between congenital flatfoot, traumatic, paralytic and static. It is not easy to establish congenital flat feet before the age of 5-6 years, since all children younger than this age have all the elements of a flat foot. However, in approximately 3% of all cases of flat feet, the flat foot is congenital.
Traumatic flatfoot is a consequence of a fracture of the ankles, heel bone, and tarsal bones. Paralytic flat foot is the result of paralysis of the plantar muscles of the foot and the muscles starting on the lower leg (a consequence of Poliomyelitis).
Rachitic flatfoot is caused by the body loading on weakened bones of the foot.
Static flatfoot (the most common 82.1%) occurs due to weakness of the leg and foot muscles, ligaments and bones. The reasons for the development of static flat feet can be different - an increase in body weight, working in a standing position, a decrease in muscle strength with physiological aging, lack of training in people with sedentary professions, etc. Internal reasons contributing to the development of foot deformities also include a hereditary predisposition to external reasons - overload of the feet associated with the profession (a woman with a normal foot structure, spending 7-8 hours at the counter or in a weaving workshop, may eventually acquire this disease), housekeeping, wearing irrational shoes (narrow, uncomfortable).
When walking in high heels, the load is redistributed: from the heel it moves to the area of the transverse arch, which cannot support it and becomes deformed, which is why transverse flat feet occur.
The main symptoms of longitudinal flatfoot are pain in the foot and changes in its shape.
With mild flat feet (grade I), after physical activity, a feeling of fatigue appears in the legs, and painful sensations occur when pressing on the foot. The gait becomes less flexible, and often the foot swells in the evening.
In those suffering from degree II flat feet, the pain is concentrated not only in the feet, but also spreads to the ankles and lower legs. It is stronger and more frequent. The muscles of the foot largely lose their elasticity, and the gait loses its smoothness.
Finally, degree III flatfoot is a pronounced deformity of the foot. Often patients consult a doctor only at this stage. After all, pain in the feet, legs, which are almost always swollen, and in the knee joints is constantly felt. The lower back often hurts, and a painful headache appears. With grade III flat feet, sports become unavailable, ability to work is significantly reduced, and even quiet, short walking is difficult. A person can no longer move in ordinary shoes.
The consequences of transverse flat feet should not be underestimated, even if the flattening of the transverse arch of the foot is almost invisible. Flat feet are one of those diseases that, once they occur, progress quite quickly. Therefore, soon the transverse arch may not be determined at all. The forefoot is spread out. This causes deformation of the fingers; they acquire a hammer-shaped shape. Transverse flatfoot is also characterized by pain in the foot, as well as calluses of the skin of the sole under the heads of the metatarsal bones, and tension in the extensor tendons of the fingers. The more pronounced it is, the more the big toe deviates from the outside, which leads to subluxation of the head of the first metatarsal bone. Although an external examination can determine the presence of flat feet, this only applies to severe advanced cases.
People suffering from flat feet walk with their toes turned out and their legs spread wide apart, slightly bending them at the knee and hip joints and vigorously swinging their arms; they usually have wear on the inside of their soles. For a more accurate definition of flat foot, you should consult an orthopedic doctor.
Education of the correct gait - avoid spreading your toes when walking, so as not to overload the inner edge of the foot and the ligaments that support it. Persons whose profession involves standing for long periods of time are recommended to have their feet parallel and rest from time to time on the outer edges of supinated feet (3-4 times a day, stand on the outer sides of your feet and stay in this position for 30-40 seconds). At the end of the working day, warm baths (water temperature 35-36 C) are recommended, followed by a massage of the arch of the foot and supinating muscles.
Massage the front and inner surfaces of the legs with smooth but fairly strong movements; while massaging the feet, pay special attention to the soles. Basic techniques: stroking, rubbing, kneading in different directions, tapping with fingertips.
The duration of one course is 1.5-2 months, the time of one procedure is 10-12 minutes. Special physical training techniques are of great importance: walking barefoot on uneven surfaces, on sand, walking on tiptoes, jumping, live games (volleyball, basketball, etc.). When at the beach, wander or jog along the shore, wading into knee-deep water. If you are sufficiently hardened, then whenever possible, run barefoot on grass wet from dew or warm rain. You will get incredible pleasure and at the same time perform an excellent exercise not only against flat feet, but also to improve blood circulation in the legs. It is very important to wear shoes that fit your feet exactly. The medial edge of the boot should be straight so as not to retract the first toe outward, and the toe should be spacious.
No matter how beautiful and fashionable the shoes are, refuse them if they are even the slightest bit tight or narrow. The heel height should be 3-4 cm, the outsole should be made of elastic material. There's no doubt that high heels look great on your feet, but don't wear them every day. Otherwise, it may happen that after a while you will be doomed to wear only orthopedic shoes. To prevent flat feet or relieve pain, a large number of inserts and special shoes are offered.
For less complex deformations, it is good to use insoles - cork, plastic or metal. Complex deformities require shoes or orthopedic insoles to be made from plaster casts. For severe forms of flat feet that cause constant severe pain, surgical treatment is indicated.
And one last thing. Remember that treating flat feet, like any other disease, is a much more difficult process than preventing it. Therefore, spare no effort and time to prevent it!
The feet have always endured all sorts of human tricks. The artificial deformation was not only impressive, but in some cases also represented a symbolic necessity. One of the researchers of the lifestyle of the indigenous population of Australia wrote about the rite of kadaitja (kurdaicha). At the beginning of our century, this word was used to refer to a shoe made of kangaroo fur and emu feathers. Such a shoe was worn by those who practiced magic, but his little toe was first rubbed with hot stones and then twisted out. This was done so that the said finger would become an “eye” that “sees” everything that comes so low on its path.
It has been proven that there are many biologically active points on the foot, which can be used to treat a wide variety of organs; nerves that have not yet been identified by anatomists even supposedly connect the feet with all the internal organs. Points susceptible to the action of a magnetic field were also discovered here. As with palmistry, there is still much that is unclear when deciphering the mechanism of action, as well as in explaining the possibility of walking barefoot on burning coals. Let me refer to the opinion of some researchers that the foot sometimes acted as a symbol of the soul. In a number of museums you can see sculptures whose legs at different levels - lower leg, foot, shoes - are equipped with wings.
This should be regarded as an indication of the possibility of not just ascent, but spiritual ascent. The foot is also the embodiment of discontinuity, some kind of division between the body and the ground. Therefore, foot worship is often equivalent to ground worship. We leave the foot restriction below - shoes - at the entrance to the sanctuary. There was even a sect of “barefoot” monks and nuns, like other adherents of asceticism, who did not wear shoes. In ancient times, the process of ablution acquired both direct and symbolic meaning.
Usually slaves washed the feet of guests, but before the Last Supper Christ did the same, expressing infinite humility. “Heel”, heel, was perceived as the “end” of a person. Typically, for most people, this part of the foot is directed posteriorly. This is where the soul “goes” when frightened. It is with this part of the feet that they press, crushing evil, the snake, and it is here that they sting us, like all kinds of gods and heroes.
In Ossetian folklore, the heels of devils are turned forward, and similarly in the legends of some Siberian peoples. That's why they are "anti-pods" (podos is Greek for leg). Anchutki in Slavic mythology do not have heels at all, they have hooves, which clearly indicates that they belong to the “evil spirit.” The toes, as everyone knows, are shorter than those on the hands. They are functionally less in demand. Let us leave it to Aristotle’s conscience to assert that those who have crooked toes are shameless. More precisely, in men the shape of the fingers is elongated, and in women it is shortened and flattened. Usually the first and second toes are almost the same length, the second is often even longer.
Only in a newborn does the big toe have significant mobility (it resembles in function that of the hand at this time). Then humans lose the grasping ability of their toes, but monkeys do not. We lose our grip, and our feet are adapted from now on until the end of our days primarily for support.
The smallest toe on the foot is the fifth toe. Some scientists, due to the fact that it does not really participate in the support, predict its almost complete disappearance in the distant future. N.N. Miklouho-Maclay wrote that he saw many Papuans holding large objects with their feet. It turns out that after long training, some people can pinch their toes, operate an oar, play musical instruments, draw, write, sew (Japanese), weave (Bengalis).
Posture. Warning flat feet
Posture is the habitual position of the body when standing, sitting and walking.
With correct posture, your back is straight, your head is slightly tilted back, your shoulders are straightened, your stomach is pulled in.
Incorrect position of the bones leads to displacement or compression of internal organs, which impedes their blood supply and makes it difficult to function. The habit of hunching, stooping, or sitting incorrectly at a table can lead to uneven distribution of loads on individual vertebrae. In this case, with age, the intervertebral cartilaginous discs become thinner, deformed and displaced, pinching the nerve.
A disease develops - osteochondrosis: it is difficult for a person to walk and bend over, he is tormented by pain at night, and he cannot sleep. The disease can begin at a young age (before 30 years).
Degrees of postural impairment First Second Third
Scoliosis from the Greek “crooked”, a persistent lateral deviation of the spine from its normal straightened position.
Exercises for correcting posture Exercise No. 1 Starting position - lying on your stomach, bend your arms at the elbows, palms resting on the floor at shoulder level. Raise your upper body by straightening your arms, arching your spine and tilting your head back slightly. Stay in this position for a short time and then return to the starting position. Repeat the exercise 8-10 times. Exercise No. 2 Starting position - lying on your stomach, spread your arms to the sides at shoulder level, bend your elbows at a right angle, palms touching the floor. Spread your legs hip-width apart. On the count of “one” - “two”, raise your arms up, while strongly squeezing your shoulder blades; on the count of “three” - “four” - relax. Repeat the exercise 8-10 times. Important note: while performing the exercise, try not to lift your head and torso from the floor, keeping your forehead touching the floor all the time. Concentrate all your attention on tightening your upper back.
Flatfoot is a change in the shape of the foot, characterized by drooping of its longitudinal and transverse arches. There are transverse and longitudinal flat feet; a combination of both forms is possible. Transverse flatfoot in combination with other deformities is 55.23%, longitudinal flatfoot in combination with other foot deformities is 29.3%.
Flat feet are directly dependent on body weight: the greater the weight and, therefore, the load on the feet, the more pronounced the longitudinal flat feet. This pathology occurs mainly in women. Longitudinal flatfoot occurs most often at the age of 16-25 years, transverse - at 35-50 years. When walking in high heels, the load is redistributed: from the heel it moves to the area of the transverse arch, which cannot support it and becomes deformed, which is why transverse flat feet occur.
Degrees of development of flat feet
Exercises for the treatment of flat feet Exercises performed in a sitting position: flexion and extension of the feet, squeezing and unclenching the fingers, circular movements of the feet in a maximum circle in both directions, turning the feet with the soles inward, grasping and holding a round object (ball, skittles) with the soles, squeezing the rubber ball with the soles, rolling a round object with the soles, alternately hitting the floor with the toes and heels, grabbing and lifting small objects from the floor and the same thing, but with crossed legs, picking up fabric lying on the floor with the toes.
Presentation for schoolchildren on the topic “Posture and prevention of flat feet” on life safety. pptCloud.ru is a convenient catalog with the ability to download a powerpoint presentation for free.
Posture and prevention of flat feet Lesson topic: pptcloud.ru
Posture and prevention of flat feet
Goal: to acquire information about methods of preventing poor posture and the development of flat feet
1. Understand the concepts: “Posture” and “Flat feet” 2. Find out the reasons for changes in the ODS 3. Get acquainted with methods of preventing violations of posture and arch of the foot.
“- Maintain your posture! - Keep control of yourself! “Now is not the time to babysit you!”
Determination of stoop and round back
“A stream could flow under the foot of a beautiful girl.” Spanish proverb:
How is the foot connected to other organs of the human body? Active points of the foot
Causes and consequences of flat feet Angle of the longitudinal arch. Normally, this angle is 125-130 degrees. The height of the longitudinal arch is the perpendicular lowered from the top of the corner to the base; normally it is 39 mm.
I degree: arch angle 131-140 degrees, arch height 35-25mm. There are no deformities of the foot bones. II degree: arch angle 141-155 degrees, arch height 24-17mm. There is bone deformation. III degree: arch angle 156 degrees or higher, arch height less than 17 mm. A small protrusion on the plantar surface of the heel bone becomes massive. Flattening of the transverse arch and abduction contracture of 1 finger are also noted.
How to check whether you have flat feet or not? Practical work: “Identification of flat feet” (Textbook, p. 61)
1. Therapeutic exercises 2. Massage 3. Comfortable, non-squeezing shoes 4. If you have flat feet, you must wear orthopedic insoles and arch supports
5. To prevent flat feet, it is recommended to walk barefoot on uneven surfaces. 6.Exercises for leg muscles, playing football and basketball, swimming.
A set of exercises for flat feet (therapeutic gymnastics)
1 Option 1. Why is spinal curvature acquired in childhood difficult to correct later? 2. Arch supports are used for: 3. The usual body position when standing and walking is... 4. What is lordosis? 5. What is flat feet? 6. What is kyphosis? 7. The process of skeletal ossification ends completely: 8. If a schoolchild, sitting at a desk, constantly slouches, then the following develops: 9) For the treatment and prevention of flat feet, use: 10. Walking barefoot on an uneven surface, on sand contributes to: 2 Option 1. For treatment and prevention of flat feet are used: 2. The usual body position when standing and walking is... 3. What is flat feet? 4.What is lordosis? 5. What is kyphosis? 6. If a schoolchild, going to school and back home, always carries a briefcase in one hand, then the following may develop: 7. Arch supports are used for: 8. Postural defects most often occur in: 9. Lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis are the types: 10 Can posture be affected by flat feet?
“5”: 9-10 correct answers; “4”: 7-8 correct answers; “3”: 5-6 correct answers.
Option 1 1b 2a 3b 4a 5a 6a 7b 8b 9a 10b Option 2 1a 2b 3a 4a 5a 6b 7a 8b 9b 10a
Study §12 Perform sets of exercises to prevent flat feet. Perform exercises with objects on your head. Homework:
Topic: Posture. Warning for flat feet.
1.Explain the negative consequences of poor posture and flat feet. Show how to identify this and how it can be corrected. 2. Develop independent work skills, the ability to analyze and draw appropriate conclusions 3. Form a desire for a healthy lifestyle.
Equipment: Fig. “Irregular and correct postures of students when reading and writing”, ruler, stick, balls, hoop, pencils, briefcase.
Answer the questions
1. How do muscles change during training?
What does lack of mobility lead to?
Explain the differences between dynamic and static work.
Let's write a dictation (insert the missing words)
Inorganic compounds give bones _____.
Organic compounds give bones _____.
The combination of ____ - inorganic compounds with ____ - organic compounds provides greater ________ bones.
3. Let's solve biological problems
Some parents teach children to walk at the age of 7 months. What consequences can such early walking exercises lead to?
The tibia in an upright position can withstand a load weighing up to 1500 kg, although its property weighs only 0.5 kg. Explain why bone, despite its lightness, is so hard and durable?
III. Learning new things.
Physical inactivity is the scourge of our time. Tell us what our everyday life and holidays look like? I'm sure there's not enough range of motion. Compared to our ancestors, we are just mattresses - and we pay for it. The price is prohibitively high. After all, the spine is designed for movement. And if he remains without them for a long time, then sooner or later he weakens. It is known that about 70% of people suffer from back pain. We move little and sit a lot. And our posture is not always comfortable and natural - we often doom ourselves to a long stay in forced positions, when some muscles are overly tense, while others are unnaturally relaxed and inactive. In medicine, this phenomenon is called “pathological motor stereotype” or Incorrect posture.
What is posture?
Posture is the habitual position of the body when a person stands, sits and walks. It depends on the shape of the spinal column, the position of the head, shoulder girdle and chest.
What should be the correct posture?
- head tilted back slightly
This promotes the normal functioning of internal organs and organs of movement. Correct posture does not arise on its own; it must be developed from early childhood. As we know, children's bones rarely break, but are often deformed, and in older people, bones become more brittle, so posture defects most easily occur in childhood.
Exercise. Check the correctness of your posture (task 46 p. 32 “Collection of experiments and tasks” R. D. Mash.; M.; Mnemosyne, 1997)
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Let's look at the exercises that need to be performed regularly in order to have beautiful posture. Beautiful posture - work on yourself Most girls believe that their external attractiveness depends mainly on fashionable and beautiful clothes, accessories and cosmetics. But we should not forget that the main signs of female beauty have always been beautiful posture, an easy gait and a slender figure. Alas, not every modern girl can boast of beautiful posture. On the other hand, correct posture serves not only as a guarantee of beauty, but
Physical education is my favorite subject at school. This does not mean that I do not like to study - I do well in mathematics, history and other subjects. But I really like to move: run, jump, climb ropes and wall bars. Physical education is physical education. It is aimed at strengthening human health and developing his physical abilities, which is very important. Lack of movement can have a negative impact on the health of schoolchildren: their posture deteriorates, their vision deteriorates,
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Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
Cherepovets State University
Department of Anatomy and Physiology
on the topic: “Posture and flat feet”
1.1 Signs of correct posture……………………………………………………………3
1.2 Factors that determine posture………………………………………………………. 3
1.3 Prevalence and causes of postural disorders in children…………………………………………………………………………………4
2.1 Posture disorders in the sagittal plane…………………………5
2.1.1.Posture disorders with increased physiological curves of the spine…………………………………………………………………………………5
2.1.2.Posture disorders with a decrease in the physiological curves of the spine………………………………………………………………………………….6
2.2.Poor posture in the frontal plane………………………. 7
3. Prevention of postural disorders…………………………………………..8
3. Prevention of flat feet…………………………………………………………16
List of references…………………………………………………………….18
1. Normal posture.
Posture is understood as the habitual, relaxed posture of a person at rest and during movement, which he takes without excessive muscle tension. Correct posture provides optimal conditions for the functioning of all organs and systems of the body as a whole. A person acquires (forms) posture in the process of his growth and development. Heredity, past illnesses, and living conditions play a certain role.
Posture is one of the most important concepts for determining the position of a child’s body in space, detecting signs of trouble, diseases associated with a violation of the static-dynamic properties of the spine and lower extremities.
1.1. Signs of correct posture
Correct posture is characterized by a symmetrical arrangement of body parts relative to the spine. In this case, the head is held straight: the line drawn through the external auditory canal and the lower edge of the orbit is horizontal; shoulder joints are separated; shoulder girdles at the same level; the angles formed by the lateral surface of the neck and the shoulder girdle are symmetrical; the stomach is tucked; legs are straightened at the knee and hip joints. The chest has no depressions or protrusions, and is symmetrical relative to the midline; the shoulder blades are symmetrical, evenly adjacent to the chest along their entire length; Waist triangles are symmetrical. The spine has no pathological bends, the magnitude of physiological bends and the angle of inclination of the pelvis are within the age norm. A plumb line lowered from the base of the skull runs along the line of the spinous processes, the intergluteal fold and is projected onto the support in the middle between the heels. A plumb line lowered from the lower angle of the scapula passes through the center of the subgluteal fold, the center of the popliteal fossa and is projected onto the supporting surface at the level of the center of the heel.
1.2.Factors that determine posture
Posture is determined by many factors; we will list the most significant ones.
· Length and shape of limbs . For correct posture, it is necessary that the length and shape of the legs be the same, since even with a slight difference in the functional length of the limbs, there cannot be a correct position of the pelvic bones and sacrum. The sacrum is the base of the spine; all other sections are based on it. Therefore, even a slight deviation of the sacrum from the correct position leads to significant changes in the position of the upper parts of the spine.
· Pelvic tilt angle - the angle formed by the horizontal plane and the plane of the entrance to the pelvis. Normally, in women this angle is 55-60 degrees, in men - 50-55 degrees. The magnitude of this angle largely determines the amount of curvature of the spine in the sagittal plane.
· Position and shape of the spine . Normally, the spine has curves in the sagittal plane: thoracic and sacrococcygeal kyphosis, lumbar and cervical lordosis. In the frontal plane, the spine has no bends;
· Position of the shoulder blades . Normally, the shoulder blades are located symmetrically, evenly adjacent to the chest throughout their entire length.
· Degree of muscle development . Currently, two systems of striated muscles are known. They differ from each other in that some tend to increase tone and shorten, while others tend to hypotonia and increase length. The first include: gastrocnemius, rectus femoris, iliopsoas, tensor fascia lata, posterior thigh group, piriformis, back extensors, sternal part of the pectoralis major, levator scapulae and some muscles of the upper extremities. The second include: gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, minimus, broad heads of the quadriceps femoris, tibialis anterior, peroneus, abdominal muscles, lower scapular fixators, superficial and deep neck flexors. In preschool children, muscles account for 21-25% of body weight, in adults - 35-40% or more. Therefore, even small deviations from the optimal values of muscle tone lead to significant postural disorders in children.
· Presence of chronic diseases . Any chronic disease is accompanied by the appearance of protective muscle tension over the diseased area, which changes the muscle balance throughout the body. Some diseases are accompanied by a violation of the respiratory pattern or the adoption of a forced position. This also disrupts your posture.
1.3. Prevalence and causes of postural disorders in children.
Poor posture is a very common pathology. According to various authors, from 60 to 70% of children suffer from it. These values are of particular concern given the adverse effect of poor posture on the functioning of all organs and systems of a growing body.
Let us highlight the internal and external reasons for the formation of incorrect posture. Internal causes are defects in the shape and length of the limbs; incompletely corrected torticollis, visual and hearing defects, chronic diseases of internal organs, metabolic diseases: rickets, various paratrophies. The most common internal cause is neurological pathology. A minimal change in muscle tone is sufficient to cause poor posture. The prevalence of neurological pathology among newborns is 60%. Not all children are completely cured. The cause of poor posture can also be injury to the musculoskeletal system.
By external reasons we mean the organization of a child’s life, which involves a suboptimal load on the organs of support and movement, and the central nervous system. First of all, let us note the daily routine that allows physical inactivity; stressful parenting or teaching methods; furniture that does not correspond to the height and loads of the child.
2. Types of postural disorders
Postural defects can be roughly divided as follows: violations of posture in the frontal, sagittal plane and both planes simultaneously. Each type of postural disorder is characterized by its own position of the spine, shoulder blades, pelvis and lower extremities. Preservation of pathological posture is possible due to a certain state of ligaments, fascia and muscles.
2.1 Postural disorders in the sagittal plane
Poor posture in the sagittal plane can be associated with either an increase in one or more physiological curves or a decrease in them.
2.1.1.Posture disorders with increased physiological curves of the spine
Stooping is a postural disorder that is based on an increase in thoracic kyphosis with a simultaneous decrease in lumbar lordosis. Cervical lordosis is usually shortened and deepened due to the fact that thoracic kyphosis extends to the level of 4-5 cervical vertebrae. Shoulders raised. The shoulder joints are given. Stooping is often combined with grade 1 and 2 winged shoulder blades, when the lower corners or inner edges of the shoulder blades lag behind the chest wall.
In stooped children, the upper scapular fixators, the pectoralis major and minor muscles, and the neck extensors are shortened and tense.
level of cervical lordosis. The length of the extensor muscles of the trunk in the thoracic region, the lower and sometimes middle fixators of the shoulder blades, the abdominal muscles, and gluteal muscles, on the contrary, is increased. The belly protrudes.
A round back (total kyphosis) is a postural disorder associated with a significant increase in thoracic kyphosis and the absence of lumbar lordosis. The cervical spine is partially, and in preschool children, completely kyphotic. To compensate for the posterior deviation of the projection of the general center of mass, children stand and walk on slightly bent legs. The angle of inclination of the pelvis is reduced and this also contributes to the flexion of the hip relative to the midline of the body. The head is tilted forward, the shoulder girdles are raised, the shoulder joints are adducted, the chest is sunken, the arms hang slightly in front of the body. A round back is often combined with grade 2 winged shoulder blades.
In children with a round back, the upper scapular fixators and the pectoralis major and minor muscles are shortened and tense. The length of the extensor muscles of the trunk, lower and middle fixators of the shoulder blades, abdominal muscles, and gluteal muscles, on the contrary, is increased. The belly protrudes.
A round-concave back is a postural disorder consisting of an increase in all physiological curves of the spine. The pelvic tilt angle is increased. The legs are slightly bent or in a position of slight hyperextension at the knee joints. The anterior abdominal wall is overstretched, the stomach protrudes or even hangs down. The shoulder girdles are raised, the shoulder joints are adducted, the head is pushed forward from the midline of the body. A round-concave back is often combined with grade 1-2 wing-shaped shoulder blades. In children with this type of postural disorder, the upper scapular fixators, neck extensors, pectoralis major and minor muscles, lumbar trunk extensor and iliopsoas muscles are shortened. The length of the extensor muscles of the trunk in the thoracic region, the lower and sometimes middle fixators of the shoulder blades, the abdominal muscles, and gluteal muscles is increased.
2.1.2.Posture disorders with a decrease in the physiological curves of the spine
A flat back is a postural disorder characterized by a decrease in all physiological curves of the spine, primarily lumbar lordosis and a decrease in the angle of the pelvis. Due to a decrease in thoracic kyphosis, the chest is shifted forward. The lower abdomen will hold up. The shoulder blades are often wing-shaped. This violation of posture most dramatically reduces the spring function of the spine, which negatively affects the state of the central nervous system when running, jumping and other sudden movements, causing its shaking and microtrauma.
In children with a flat back, both the back muscles and the muscles of the chest and abdomen are weakened. There is a point of view that such children are most predisposed to lateral curvature of the spine.
A plano-concave back (Fig. 6) is a postural disorder consisting of a decrease in thoracic kyphosis with normal or increased lumbar lordosis. Cervical lordosis is often flattened as well. The pelvic tilt angle is increased. The pelvis is displaced posteriorly. The legs may be slightly bent or hyperextended at the knee joints. Often combined with grade 1 pterygoid blades.
In children with such a violation of posture, the extensors of the trunk in the lumbar and thoracic regions and the iliopsoas muscles are tense and shortened. The muscles of the abdominals and buttocks are most significantly weakened.
2.2.Poor posture in the frontal plane
Poor posture in the frontal plane consists of the appearance of a curvature of the spine in the frontal plane and is called scoliotic or asymmetrical posture. It is characterized by an asymmetry between the right and left halves of the body, manifested in different heights of the shoulder girdles, different positions of the shoulder blades both in height and in relation to the spine, to the chest wall. The depth and height of the waist triangles in such children are also different. The muscles on one half of the body are slightly more prominent than on the other. The line of the spinous processes forms an arc with its apex facing to the right or left. When stretching the crown upward, raising the arms, bending forward and performing other self-correction techniques, the line of the spinous processes in the frontal plane straightens.
Slouching occurs with poor development of the muscular system, primarily the back muscles. In this case, the head and neck are tilted forward, the chest is flattened, the shoulders are brought forward, and the stomach is somewhat protruded. With kyphotic posture, all of the above symptoms are especially noticeable, since, in addition to poor muscle development, changes are observed in the ligamentous apparatus of the spine: the ligaments are stretched, less elastic, causing the natural curvature of the spine in the thoracic region to noticeably increase. With lordotic posture, the forward curvature of the spine in the lumbar region is strongly pronounced, the cervical curve is reduced, and the abdomen protrudes excessively. Scoliosis is accompanied by an asymmetrical position of the shoulders, shoulder blades and pelvis.
Incorrect posture adversely affects the functions of internal organs: the functioning of the heart, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract becomes difficult; the vital capacity of the lungs decreases;
metabolism decreases; headaches and increased fatigue appear; Appetite decreases, the child becomes lethargic, apathetic, and avoids active games.
3. Prevention of postural disorders.
Deviations in posture that appear in childhood can subsequently lead to the formation of persistent deformations of the skeletal system. Poor posture is caused by prolonged forced sitting in one place, especially if the chair and table do not correspond to the height and proportions of the child’s body. Therefore, you should regularly conduct physical exercises, outdoor games, and walks in the fresh air with your children, which strengthen their health and musculoskeletal system. Children should not be allowed to lie or sleep in a very soft bed or one that sag under the weight of their body, and always on the same side. It is impossible to keep a child in an upright position until 3 months of age, sit him up until 6 months, and put him on his feet for a long time until 9-10 months. When learning to walk, you should not lead your child by the hand, as this will cause his body position to become somewhat asymmetrical; It is useful to use special devices (Fig. 1).
Fig.1 How not to (1) and how to (2) guide a child starting to walk.
Children should not be allowed to stand on one leg for long periods of time, for example when riding a scooter. It is necessary to ensure that young children do not stand or squat for a long time in one place, do not walk long distances (dosage of walks and excursions), and do not carry heavy loads. This especially applies to weak, sick children, as well as children with signs of rickets. To prevent children from squatting for a long time while playing in the sand, sand boxes are made with benches and tables.
During classes and meals, you need to ensure that children are seated correctly. You can require a child to sit correctly when the furniture matches his height and body proportions. In order for the child to sit comfortably and firmly, the depth of the chair seat should be equal to 2/3 of the thigh, and the width should exceed the width of the pelvis by 10 cm. The height of the chair seat above the floor should be equal to the length of the lower leg along with the foot (measure to the popliteal cavity, adding 2 cm to heel height). If the seat is too high, the legs do not reach the floor and the body position becomes less stable. With a low seat, the child either moves his legs to the side, which violates the correct position and distorts the posture, or picks them up under the seat, which can cause a feeling of numbness in the legs, since the large veins running in the popliteal cavity are greatly compressed.
The height of the table above the seat, or differential, should allow the child to freely place his forearms on the table top without raising or lowering his shoulders. If the differentiation is too large, the child, working at the table, raises his shoulders, especially the right one; if the differentiation is too small, he bends and slouches (Fig. 2).
Fig.2 The position of the child’s body when sitting, depending on the differentiation;
1 - sufficient differentiation; 2—small differentiation; 3— differentiation is large.
In order for the child to rest his back against the back of the chair, the back distance (the distance between the back and the edge of the table facing the seated person) should be 3-5 cm greater than the anteroposterior diameter of the chest. In this case, the distance between the plumb lines lowered from the front edge of the chair and from the back edge of the table, or the distance of the seat, becomes “negative”, namely, the edge of the chair extends 2-4 cm under the edge of the table (Fig. 3). With a zero seat distance, when the edge of the chair and the edge of the table are on the same plumb line, as well as with a positive seat distance, when the chair is slightly moved away from the edge of the table, it is impossible to lean on the back of the chair when doing any work at the table.
Rice. 3 Seating distance:
1—negative; 2—zero; 3 - positive
According to medical statistics, by the age of two, 24% of children have flat feet, by the age of four - 32%, by the age of six - 40%, and by the age of twelve, every second teenager is diagnosed with flat feet.
Flat feet is a foot deformity characterized by flattening of the arches. Doctors call flat feet a disease of civilization. Uncomfortable shoes, synthetic surfaces, physical inactivity - all this leads to improper development of the foot. There are two types of foot deformation: transverse and longitudinal. With transverse flatfoot, the transverse arch of the foot becomes flattened. With longitudinal flatfoot, there is a flattening of the longitudinal arch, and the foot comes into contact with the floor with almost the entire area of the sole. In rare cases, a combination of both forms of flat feet is possible.
With a normal foot shape, the leg rests on the outer longitudinal arch, and the inner arch serves as a spring, providing elasticity of gait. If the muscles that support the arch of the foot weaken, the entire load falls on the ligaments, which, when stretched, flatten the foot (Fig. 4).
Fig.4 Imprints of normal (1,2 , 3) and flat (4) feet
With flat feet, the supporting function of the lower extremities is impaired, their blood supply deteriorates, causing pain and sometimes cramps in the legs. The foot becomes sweaty, cold, and cyanotic. The flattening of the foot affects the position of the pelvis and spine , which leads to poor posture. Children suffering from flat feet swing their arms widely when walking, stomp heavily, bend their legs at the knees and hip joint; their gait is tense and awkward.
The development of flat feet is promoted by rickets, general weakness and decreased physical development, as well as excessive obesity, in which excessive weight load is constantly applied to the foot. Children who prematurely (before 10-12 months) begin to stand and move around on their legs a lot develop flat feet. Prolonged walking of children on hard ground (asphalt) in soft shoes without heels has a harmful effect on the formation of the foot.
With flat or even flattened feet, shoes usually wear out faster, especially the inside of the sole and heel. At the end of the day, children often complain that their shoes are too tight, even though they fit them in the morning. This happens because after prolonged loading, the deformed foot flattens even more and, consequently, lengthens.
1. Types of flat feet.
According to the reasons for the flattening of the foot, flat feet are divided into five main types. Most people experience so-called static flat feet .
Often, static flat feet are caused by long-term stress associated with a person’s professional activities: “on your feet all day.”
The following pain areas are characteristic of static flat feet:
- on the sole, in the center of the arch of the foot and at the inner edge of the heel;
- on the back of the foot, in its central part, between the navicular and talus bones;
- under the inner and outer ankles;
- between the heads of the tarsal bones;
- in the lower leg muscles due to their overload;
- in the knee and hip joints;
- in the thigh due to muscle strain;
- in the lower back due to compensatory-increased lordosis (deflection).
The pain intensifies in the evening, subsides after rest, and sometimes swelling appears at the ankle.
Another type of this disease is traumatic flatfoot .
As the name suggests, this disease occurs as a result of trauma, most often fractures of the ankles, heel bone, tarsus and metatarsus bones. The heel, combined with the navicular and cuboid bones, as well as the tubular metatarsal bones, resembles an arched vault laid out by a skilled mason. Now imagine that a bomb fell on this vault. Needless to say, how difficult it is to later restore the original subtle, painstaking work of the Creator.
The next type is congenital flatfoot . It should not be confused with the “narrow heel” of aristocratic ladies, characteristic of static flat feet. The cause of congenital flat feet is different.
In a child, before he firmly stands on his feet, that is, up to 3-4 years, the foot, due to incomplete formation, is not that weak, but simply flat, like a board. It is difficult to assess how functional its vaults are. Therefore, the baby must be constantly monitored and, if the situation does not change, corrective insoles must be ordered.
It rarely happens (in 2-3 cases out of a hundred) that the cause of flat feet is an anomaly in the child’s intrauterine development. As a rule, other skeletal structure disorders are found in such children. Treatment for this type of flatfoot should begin as early as possible. In difficult cases, surgical intervention is resorted to.
Rachitic flatfoot is not congenital, but acquired; it is formed as a result of improper development of the skeleton caused by a deficiency of vitamin D in the body and, as a consequence, insufficient absorption of calcium - this “cement” for bones. Rickets differs from static flatfoot in that it can be prevented by preventing rickets (sun, fresh air, gymnastics, fish oil).
Paralytic flat foot is the result of paralysis of the muscles of the lower extremities and most often a consequence of flaccid (or peripheral) paralysis of the muscles of the foot and lower leg caused by polio or other neuroinfection.
Often a person does not realize that he has flat feet. It happens that at first, already with a pronounced illness, he does not experience pain, but only complains of a feeling of fatigue in his legs, problems when choosing shoes. But later, the pain when walking becomes more and more noticeable, it radiates to the hips and lower back; the calf muscles are tense, corns (areas of callused skin) appear, bone-scar growths at the base of the big toe, and deformation of the other toes.
2. Diagnosis of flat feet.
Diagnosis of flat feet using a visual plantoscope.
Visual express assessment of the degree of longitudinal flattening of the foot during plantoscopy
Feet are parallel to each other, width apart
5-10 cm from each other (at the width of the “clinical base”) and set so that points A and A ' lie on the same straight line.
Points A and A ' are the most prominent points of the inner (medial) edge of the imprint of the heel and metatarsal part of the foot.
Point P is the middle of the distance AA' .
Line PQ is perpendicular to line AA' .
Points Q and P' correspond to the outer and inner edges of the anemic zone of the supporting part of the midfoot.
The degree of flattening is assessed by the location of the boundaries of the anemic zone in the midfoot in relation to the thirds of the perpendicular PQ .
A newborn has no arches of the feet (as well as physiological curves of the spinal column). The beginning of the formation of the arches of the feet is associated with the beginning of upright walking. In an adult, the width of the supporting part of the longitudinal arch is normally approximately ? from the width of the entire foot in its middle part.
The normal location of the anemic zone depending on the patient’s age:
Children under 3-4 years of age - the border of the anemia zone is located in the middle of the inner third of the perpendicular PQ (physiological flatfoot, if it is not accompanied by a valgus deviation of the heel of the foot of more than 7%.
Children 5-7 years old - the border of the anemia zone is located on the border of the inner and middle thirds of the perpendicular PQ .
Children 8-18 years old - the border of the anemia zone is located in the middle of the middle third of the perpendicular PQ .
Adults - the border of the anemia zone is located in the middle of the middle third of the perpendicular or on the border of the middle and outer third of the perpendicular PQ .
3. Prevention of flat feet.
To prevent flat feet, moderate exercises for the muscles, legs and feet, daily cool foot baths, and walking barefoot are recommended. It is especially recommended to walk barefoot in the summer on loose, uneven surfaces, since in this case the child involuntarily transfers the weight of the body to the outer edge of the foot and curls his toes, which helps strengthen the arch of the foot. For children with poor posture and flat feet, special corrective exercises are introduced into physical education classes and morning exercises.
Conducting classes on movement development. From the first months of life, to develop motor activity, toys are hung above the crib and laid out on the floor of the playpen. By trying to reach them, children quickly master new movements. It is very important that clothes do not restrict the child’s movements. Children who constantly lie in bed, especially those tightly wrapped, become lethargic, apathetic, their muscles become flabby, and the development of movements is delayed.
Classes on the development of movements are conducted with children under one year of age individually, daily for 5-8 minutes, and with children from 1 to 3 years old - not only individually, but also in groups of 4-5 people:
The duration of classes gradually increases to 18-20 minutes. For children 3 years and older, special gymnastic exercises, outdoor games, and morning exercises are conducted.
The load in outdoor games and physical exercises should be strictly dosed. Exercises with prolonged muscle tension, which is associated with delayed or strained breathing, are not recommended. The total duration of classes for children 3-5 years old is 20 minutes, for children 6-7 years old - 25 minutes.
For greater emotional uplift and to develop a sense of rhythm and tempo, physical exercises are performed to music. Gymnastic walls, climbing fences, slides, jumping racks, as well as balls, hoops, flags and other equipment allow you to quickly master the necessary movements, making gymnastics classes more fun and less tiring.
In the warm season, classes on the development of movements are carried out on the site. Clothing during classes should be light and not restrict movement. During walks in winter, children sled, ski, and skate; in the summer - on bicycles. On the site, children perform certain types of labor: planting flowers and vegetables, loosening the soil, watering and weeding beds, transporting and transporting sand, soil, snow, etc. All this contributes well to the development of muscles and motor skills, but provided that the equipment that children use (shovels, rakes, wheelbarrows, etc.) corresponds to the height, body proportions and strength of the child. So, for example, in a bicycle, the distance from the seat to the lowered pedal should be equal to the length of the lower leg and foot. On average, for children 3-5 years old it is 25, for children 6-7 years old - 30 cm. At the same time, the most convenient vertical distance from the steering wheel to the seat for children 3-5 years old is 18, and 6-8 years old - 20 cm .
For better stability, children's skates should be short in height and have wide blades. Skating boots should be low, with thin soles, without heels, with a hard back and lacing from the toe. These boots provide good foot stability and prevent dislocations. The boots are laced loosely at the toes, but tightly at the instep.
Systematic physical exercises promote the development of the motor system of children, increase muscle excitability, pace, strength and coordination of movements, muscle tone, general endurance, and contribute to the formation of correct posture. Greater muscle activity entails increased cardiac activity, in other words, training of the heart - an organ on the work of which the supply of nutrients to the entire body and the exchange of gases depend.
That is why such great importance is currently attached to the proper organization of physical education for children of all ages.
List of used literature.
1. Kabanov A. N. and Chabovskaya A. P. Anatomy, physiology and hygiene of preschool children. Textbook for preschool teacher training colleges. M., “Enlightenment”, 1969.
2. Konovalova N.G., Burchik L.K. Examination and correction of posture in preschool children: in collection. Physical education of preschool children. - Novokuznetsk, 1998.
3. Levit K., Zahse J., YandaV. Manual medicine: trans. with him. - M.: Medicine, 1993
4. Handbook of a practicing physician: In 2 volumes. - M.: Medicine, 1990