Flat feet are one of the most common childhood diseases. What is the basis for the frequency of development of this disease in children, why does it appear and how to cure it?
Flat feet is a disease of the foot, its flattening, that is, its incorrect position when it completely comes to the surface (all points).
Many parents falsely believe that their child’s flat feet are something that should not be paid special attention to. But they are wrong. Flat feet are not as harmless a disease as it seems at first glance. The fact is that an advanced form of flatfoot can lead to very undesirable consequences. Flat feet can lead to consequences such as:
Please note that flat feet are one of the causes of spinal curvature.
The causes of flat feet in young children are the following:
Pay attention to the reasons that can cause flat feet and try to avoid them (if possible).
The presence of flat feet in children can be determined no earlier than at the age of five. Until this age, the ligaments and muscles of the child’s feet are very weak and prone to sprain. Additionally, the “ball” in children (which fills the arch of the foot) masks the curve of the sole.
You can determine flat feet after 5 years even at home. For this:
If your child does not have flat feet, then (just in case) play games with him that are a preventive measure against this disease.
In order to avoid the development of flat feet in your child, you can play some games with him.
Game 1 – “Who is more dexterous?” is to carry a pillow on your head. Whoever carries it the longest wins. Correct posture is one of the conditions for correct foot placement.
Game 2 – “Who is bigger?” is that you need to pick up small objects (chestnuts, balls...) from the floor, holding them between your toes. Whoever collects the most wins.
In addition to these games, there are also interesting exercises that help avoid flat feet:
By playing and doing such exercises, your child will not have flat feet.
The main methods of treating flat feet are as follows:
Take measures to prevent flat feet, or treat the disease in a timely manner, then your child will walk correctly and will not experience any undesirable consequences.
Many people know about the dangers of X-ray examination. There are those who have heard about the danger posed by rays from the gamma category. But not everyone knows what gamma radiation is and what specific danger it poses.
Among the many types of electromagnetic radiation, there are gamma rays. The average person knows much less about them than about x-rays. But this does not make them any less dangerous. The main feature of this radiation is its short wavelength.
They are similar in nature to light. The speed of their propagation in space is identical to that of light, and is 300,000 km/sec. But due to its characteristics, such radiation has a strong toxic and traumatic effect on all living things.
The main sources of gamma radiation are cosmic rays. Their formation is also influenced by the decay of atomic nuclei of various elements with a radioactive component and several other processes. Regardless of the specific way in which radiation hits a person, it always has identical consequences. This is a strong ionizing effect.
Physicists note that the shortest waves of the electromagnetic spectrum have the highest energy saturation of quanta. Because of this, the gamma background has gained the reputation of a flow with a large energy reserve.
Its influence on all living things lies in the following aspects:
But the main danger of this type of radiation is considered to be the lack of a special mechanism in humans aimed at timely detection of such waves. Because of this, a person can receive a lethal dose of radiation and not even realize it right away.
All human organs react differently to gamma particles. Some systems cope better than others due to reduced individual sensitivity to such dangerous waves.
The worst effect of this effect is on the hematopoietic system. This is explained by the fact that this is where some of the most rapidly dividing cells in the body are present. Also severely affected by such radiation are:
Having penetrated the structure of the DNA chain, the rays trigger the process of numerous mutations, disrupting the natural mechanism of heredity. Doctors are not always able to immediately determine the cause of a sharp deterioration in the patient’s well-being. This happens due to the long latent period and the ability of radiation to accumulate harmful effects in cells.
Having understood what gamma radiation is, people begin to become interested in the use of dangerous rays.
According to recent studies, with uncontrolled spontaneous exposure to radiation from the gamma spectrum, the consequences do not make themselves felt soon. In particularly advanced situations, radiation exposure can “play out” on the next generation, without having visible consequences for the parents.
Despite the proven danger of such rays, scientists still continue to use this radiation on an industrial scale. Its application is often found in the following industries:
In the latter case, mutations of agricultural crops make it possible to use them for cultivation in countries that were not initially adapted to this.
Gamma rays are used in medicine in the treatment of various oncological diseases. The method is called radiation therapy. It is aimed at having the strongest possible effect on cells that divide especially quickly. But in addition to the disposal of such cells harmful to the body, the accompanying healthy cells are killed. Because of this side effect, doctors have been trying for many years to find more effective drugs to fight cancer.
But there are forms of oncology and sarcomas that cannot be gotten rid of by any other method known to science. Then radiation therapy is prescribed in order to suppress the activity of pathogenic tumor cells in a short time.
Today, gamma radiation energy has been studied well enough to understand all the associated risks. But even a hundred years ago, people treated such radiation more disdainfully. Their knowledge of the properties of radioactivity was negligible. Because of this ignorance, many people suffered from diseases unknown to doctors of the past era.
You could find radioactive elements in:
Some “greetings from the past” can be dangerous even today. This is especially true for parts of obsolete medical or military equipment. They are found on the territory of abandoned military units and hospitals.
Radioactive scrap metal also poses a huge danger. It can pose a threat in itself, or it can be found in areas with increased radiation. To avoid hidden exposure from scrap metal items found in a landfill, each item must be inspected with special equipment. It can reveal its real radiation background.
In its “pure form,” gamma radiation poses the greatest danger from the following sources:
The pioneer in the study of gamma particles was Paul Villard. This French specialist in the field of physical research began talking about the properties of gamma ray radiation back in 1900. An experiment to study the properties of radium prompted him to do this.
In order for the defense to establish itself as a truly effective blocker, you need to approach its creation in a comprehensive manner. The reason for this is the natural radiation of the electromagnetic spectrum that surrounds a person constantly.
Under normal conditions, sources of such rays are considered relatively harmless, since their dose is minimal. But in addition to the lull in the environment, there are also periodic bursts of radiation. The inhabitants of the Earth are protected from cosmic emissions by the remoteness of our planet from others. But people will not be able to hide from numerous nuclear power plants, because they are distributed everywhere.
The equipment of such institutions is particularly dangerous. Nuclear reactors, as well as various technological circuits, pose a threat to the average citizen. A striking example of this is the tragedy at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the consequences of which are still emerging.
To minimize the impact of gamma radiation on the human body at particularly dangerous enterprises, their own safety system was introduced. It includes several main points:
Materials with increased density and high atomic number act as blockers for such barriers. Among the most common are:
Lead has proven itself best in this field. It has the highest absorption intensity of γ rays (as gamma rays are called). The most effective combination is considered to be used together:
All together, this allows us to reduce radiation by half. But you still won’t be able to get rid of it completely. Also, lead cannot be used in high temperature environments. If the room is constantly at high temperature, then fusible lead will not help matters. It must be replaced with expensive analogues:
All employees of enterprises where high gamma radiation is maintained are required to wear regularly updated protective clothing. It contains not only lead filler, but also a rubber base. If necessary, the suit is supplemented with anti-radiation screens.
If radiation has covered a large area of the territory, then it is better to immediately hide in a special shelter. If it is not nearby, you can use the basement. The thicker the wall of such a basement, the lower the likelihood of receiving a high dose of radiation.
Over the past few years, many major natural disasters have occurred in the Russian Federation due to large-scale river floods. In addition to significant material damage, the disaster even claimed human lives. Regular news reports broadcast on central television channels were full of words and terms that only weather forecasters could understand. What is a flood and how can it be dangerous? Not every resident of our country knows the answer to this question.
So, what is a flood? The definition of this term is quite simple, it is the highest level of the river at a certain time of the year, and repeats from season to season, that is, having a certain regularity that can be predicted in advance, taking into account minor fluctuations. The term "flood" has an antonym - "low water", which occurs on the river during a dry period, and is also quite dangerous for the surrounding nature.
In fact, it is not enough to know what a flood is; you also need to understand its causes. Scientists tend to distinguish two main directions in this matter:
In some cases, these two reasons may be interrelated. Rivers, the water level of which depends on snowmelt, can be predicted even in winter. Thus, experts take into account such characteristics as the depth of snow cover, the degree of soil freezing and much more.
Experienced people know what a river flood is. Under certain unpleasant conditions, it can lead to flooding, significant inundation of the surrounding area near a body of water. Most often, such situations in Russia occur in the Primorsky and Krasnodar territories, on the Yenisei, Oka and Lena rivers.
You must not only understand what a flood is, it is very important to know how to act during its onset. If your home is in a potential danger zone, essential items should be collected and kept on hand at all times. These include documents, a mobile phone, money, a minimum of warm clothing and food, and necessary medications. It is imperative to foresee and remember an evacuation plan in advance, take care of the availability of a raft or materials for its emergency creation. During heavy water or flooding, it is prohibited to swim through water at a level of more than 1 meter above the ground. In the event of an audible distress signal, it is necessary to act calmly but urgently; any delay may pose a potential danger to the life and health of all those living in the risk zone.
When leaving home, if possible, you need to take a number of actions to ensure the safety of your property:
During an emergency evacuation during a flood, follow the basic rule - listen to the commands of the rescue crew.
Knowing and understanding what a flood is and what its scale can be, be careful even after the water has subsided. So, when returning to buildings, especially private houses, you should make sure that they are intact and there is no possibility of collapse. Do not turn on the lights in the house or use gas until you are sure that the main communications are intact. Before moving in, the premises must be thoroughly cleaned and dried, damaged items must be thrown away, just like all the products that were inside the flooded apartment.
What is a spring flood, how does it differ from the usual increase in water level in the river, and why is it dangerous? As a rule, it begins at the moment when there may be a small amount of ice on the reservoir. Despite its visual strength, it is already very thin and cannot withstand the slightest load. In this case, special attention should be paid to young children who like to play around near rivers and ponds.
“The worst holidays of my life were the months we spent visiting my mother’s friend’s parents in Brandenburg,” says Sasha. At home she was never forced to eat, but rather, on the contrary, she was taught to tell her in advance how much food she needed. But in Brandenburg, a huge plate from an antique set was placed in front of her, on which lay “a whole heap of food”: cabbage, potatoes with sauce, a pile of meat and “some kind of cranberry or apple in the corner.” “Journeying to the other side of this plate was like crossing a desert, only in order to cross it, I had to shovel all this sand into myself,” the girl recalls. What irritated her most was not the fat content of the food, but its quantity - even now, according to the already adult Sasha, one such plate would have been enough for her all day.
“I still remember those dinners as something terrible,” she says. — They were accompanied by endless discussions. Absurd constructions were used about my future and how it would be ruined if I didn’t eat enough. Once they even told me about their distant relative, a French woman, “wrong” and thin. In this family, the French women were the embodiment of everything worst in a woman’s life: at the same time they were allegedly involved in prostitution, took pleasure in it, and sought to give birth to children out of wedlock. It all had something to do with their thinness.”
Lyubov recalls that she was always a delicate girl, she ate little, and her mother did not care: she prepared dietary food herself and allowed her daughter to eat as much as she wanted. But her grandmother and aunt, who lived in the village where Lyubov spent all her holidays since childhood, thought that she was too thin, and they fed her fatty foods: fried meat, lard pies, borscht. “They put a plate of food in front of me and forbade me to leave the table until I had eaten everything,” she says. “This could go on for hours, the food got cold, it smelled bad, I fell asleep right at the table, but it was impossible to leave.” Sometimes an adult would sit nearby to hurry the child along. They tried to spoon-feed Lyubov, read endless lectures in which they used the neighboring girls as an example: “They said that since they were so fat and strong, they would definitely be married, but no one would marry a skinny girl, because she would not be able to work. They also told me that food is the building block for my body, and as it builds, I need to eat a lot.” Lyubov says that even now, when she has turned thirty, her grandmother still tries to feed her and at every meeting she repeats: “Eat, Lyubasha, eat!”
According to systemic family therapist Svetlana Timofeeva, a breastfeeding person can do this with the best intentions, but at the same time not be aware of other people’s boundaries. Victoria Suksova believes that in the territory of the former USSR children are so often overfed because for older generations, being full was a matter of survival, and thinness was perceived as a sign of poor health. Psychotherapist Vlad Bukhtoyarov also connects the tendency to food violence with painful memories of times of famine: “In our countries, almost every family in the last couple of generations has faced hunger: in many families there are either memories, or a grandmother who remembers the siege of Leningrad, the post-war famine, or even famine. In addition, many were malnourished in the nineties. These traumatic memories give rise to a whole series of irrational attitudes: for example, that there is not enough food, and you need to eat while they give it.” It is with painful memories of times of famine that Bukhtoyarov explains the panic that began after the introduction of food sanctions: many thought that something terrible was about to begin. “At the same time, force-feeding a child is a form of food violence, and conversations that “if you don’t eat porridge, you won’t be strong,” “if you’re thin, they won’t marry you,” these are projections of adults’ fears onto the child,” explains Bukhtoyarov.
If the fear of hunger is more typical of older generations, modern parents are more often guided by the advice of experts. Victoria Suksova believes that now knowledge about how a child should develop and how much food he needs is often gleaned from popular pedagogical literature and television programs. “A mother may be seriously worried that her child does not eat all the required 200 grams, because she is trying to fulfill her parental duty in accordance with certain standards transmitted by society and specialists,” says Suksova. “In addition, feeding may simply be one of the manifestations of an authoritarian style of parenting, when the parent is accustomed to the child doing everything as he is told.” With this model, according to the psychologist, any disobedience can be considered as disrespect for the authority of adults. In this case, the specialist recommends that parents think about the consequences that their actions may entail, think about how this feeding may affect the child and their relationship in the future: “Sometimes you just have to stop and think: why am I doing this? What do I want in the future? What do I reinforce and develop with my words and actions?”
According to Svetlana Timofeeva, not only children, but also adults can be forced to eat: “Feeding is practically violence with food.” In the case of adults, feeding is more noticeable when a person is forced to eat some specific foods that are not suitable for him due to his tastes or beliefs. “Everything looks decent: they invite you to the table and offer you treats. However, you cannot refuse the meal entirely or even partially, because you depend on the inviter. Moreover, this dependence can be very different: from emotional dependence (for example, refusal to share a meal with a parent will be perceived as an insult to parental feelings) to material or service dependence, when the inviter is your boss.”
On Russian-language and foreign forums you can find many stories (most often anonymous) about men forcing their partners to eat a lot and gain weight. This is a less common practice than being forced to lose weight, but at their core they are very similar. A similar story happened with Marina (the name was changed at the request of the heroine. - Ed. ). When they met Ivan (name changed - Ed. ), Marina was 27 years old, her weight was 62-63 kg with a height of 167 cm. “My figure has never been fragile, but I tried to keep myself in shape , says Marina. — In the evenings, when Ivan stayed with me, he often brought food from restaurants. I didn’t see anything bad in this - it’s nice when a loved one wants to pamper you. Ivan knew the phone numbers of all local delivery services. He was very caring and handsome. The sex was wonderful. I kept thinking how lucky I was to have a man.” But one day Marina got sick, she had no appetite at all, but Ivan began to insist that she eat. Marina refused for a long time, and suddenly Ivan admitted that the process of eating excites him, and if she doesn’t eat, he will be very upset.
Relations with Ivan began to revolve around food: gradually this topic began to occupy most of their conversations. Marina began to be annoyed by the “endless food” and her increased weight, because of which she stopped wearing her favorite things. She already weighed 85 kg, and Ivan began jokingly calling her “bun”. Marina signed up for a gym and a nutritionist, and was also able to convince Ivan to bring less food. But after a few months of training, when the weight began to decrease, Ivan had another breakdown: he brought a bag of food, the next evening everything happened again, and all Marina’s efforts “went down the drain.” Quarrels over food began again, and one of them ended in a fight - then Marina decided that she had to run away. The next day she packed her things and moved in with her mother. Since then, she no longer saw Ivan, although he continued to demand new meetings. By her own admission, Marina does not consider herself traumatized, and after the breakup she felt great relief. The girl started going to the gym again, and now she is happy with her weight. But Marina still doesn’t like going on dates to restaurants and hates pizza.
According to Svetlana Timofeeva, a person who tries to force feed his partner perceives him as an object and does not take into account his individual preferences and needs. “Food does have a certain erotic context,” says Vlad Bukhtoyarov. — In itself, the inclusion of food and fatness in sexual play is normal. But, like everything in a healthy relationship, this should only happen with the mutual consent of both participants. Forcing a person to gain weight is no better than forcing someone to lose weight, and what Ivan did is, of course, a form of violence.”
A person who was fed in childhood may not be able to navigate his feelings well in adulthood - for example, he may not notice the feeling of fullness and hunger. Lyubov speaks about this: “As a child, I simply did not separate the feeling of hunger from other unpleasant sensations, so I did not understand when I needed to eat. Once, already in my teens, I didn’t eat for several days - and then for the first time I was afraid of my own weakness. It seems to me that this is more of a nervous problem, because I never specifically tried to lose weight, I was already thin to the point of transparency.” Now, according to Lyubov, she has no problems with nutrition, but sometimes she still has to remind herself that she needs to eat.
“In childhood and adolescence, a person develops a relationship with food - the child develops preferences for certain foods and trains the physiological mechanisms responsible for the feeling of hunger and satiety,” says nutritionist and graduate of King’s College London Maria Budryte. — In order to avoid problems with overeating in adulthood, a child needs to learn to eat in the amount that his body requires. A healthy body knows when it needs to eat, and children are no exception. If the child is hungry, he will ask for it himself.” Vlad Bukhtoyarov also says that the child should decide for himself how much food he needs and when, parents are only required to provide the child with access to the right food. However, according to the expert, the traditional model of education does not assume that the child has freedom in making decisions - when the child eats, sleeps or plays, parents usually decide.
According to Lyubov’s recollections, while visiting her grandmother, she felt almost constant stress, especially when it came to food. Victoria Suksova believes that forced feeding causes a more active protest in the child, because it is a violation of bodily boundaries. As a rule, feeding is perceived as more painful than, for example, forced viewing of “War and Peace”, and worsens the relationship between the child and those who feed him.
“For an adult, feeding can result in both problems with the digestive system and the feeling that you are not considered at all and are not taken into account. That you deserve to be “raped by food,” says Svetlana Timofeeva. According to her, such treatment and the suffering associated with it can also lead to an eating disorder - compulsive overeating or, conversely, refusal to eat. In the force-feeding situation itself, the person being fed will be angry and feel guilty, regardless of whether he agreed to eat what he did not want (and felt weak and insignificant) or refused (and offended the person who fed him), explains the psychotherapist.
According to Maria Budryte, both undernutrition and overeating are dangerous in childhood. Malnutrition can affect the development of the nervous and immune systems, and can also lead to excess weight in adulthood. If the child's parents suspect that the child is underweight or not eating enough, they should consult a doctor. And treatment should take place under the supervision of specialists - nutritionists and endocrinologists.
Overeating, which breastfeeding often leads to, is also dangerous: it can lead to obesity, which increases the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the future. It is also sometimes associated with eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia in adolescence. “You shouldn’t scold your child for not finishing his portion or refusing to eat because he’s already full,” says Budryte. “If a child systematically refuses to eat, try to understand the reasons for this behavior.”
For those who themselves seek to feed their loved ones against their wishes, family therapist Svetlana Timofeeva advises to think about what feelings they want to express by persistently offering food, and come up with another way to demonstrate them. “In some cases, the need to feed, nourish, can mask other, deeper and unfulfilled human needs - for example, to be significant to another,” says Timofeeva. “Sometimes the feeder is influenced by social or family attitudes that were relevant in the past, in times of shortage or famine, when the value of food was crucial.”
Our expert, traumatologist-orthopedist Dan Ivan Manvelovich, answers your questions.
Flatfoot is a deformity of the foot. Anatomically, flat feet are associated with the absence of an inwardly curved arch on the inside of the foot. This is the so-called arch of the foot, which performs a shock-absorbing function when walking. Flat feet are diagnosed when the arches of the feet are deformed.
At the initial stage, this disease does not cause significant inconvenience. Over time, the legs begin to quickly get tired, swelling and pain appear. Subsequently, osteochondrosis, disc herniations, scoliosis, spine, and arthrosis of the joints develop.
Increased axial physical activity is contraindicated for patients with flat feet. And it is not surprising that such a banal phenomenon does not allow one to serve in the army.
The most common consequence of flat feet is protruding bunions and deformation of the big toe. In addition to aesthetic discomfort (you cannot wear open shoes), swelling and constant painful discomfort appear.
Who is most often diagnosed with this?
According to statistics, in Russia up to 90% of women and up to 30% of men are susceptible to flat feet. It is especially often diagnosed in women aged 45-55 years and has a tendency to progress and worsen.
Our feet were not genetically designed to wear shoes. Often the “impetus” for foot deformation is prolonged wearing of uncomfortable and narrow high-heeled shoes. One that interferes with the efficiency of the leg muscles.
How to avoid being at risk?
To prevent the development of flat feet, the following are recommended:
What to do if you have flat feet?
Flat feet is not a disease, it is a functional condition. If you have this problem, do not put off visiting a doctor. Any problems related to the musculoskeletal system should ideally be diagnosed at the predisposition stage. This allows them to be prevented without long-term treatment, including surgery.
You can make an appointment with orthopedic surgeon Dan Ivan Manvelovich here.
Many people have heard about flat feet, but not everyone knows how dangerous it is. It is only when people notice aching pain in their feet after a long day on their feet that they consult a doctor for the first time. The diagnosis of “flat feet” sounds quite unexpected to most. What is flatfoot, what types of flatfoot are there, what are the reasons for its appearance, what are its symptoms, and how is it treated?
The human foot is, in a general sense, an arch or arch. The human foot rests on the heel bone and the head of the first metatarsal bone, forming the longitudinal arch. The transverse arch is formed by the head of the fifth metatarsal bone and the head of the same first metatarsal bone.
Loss or reduction in the height of the arches of the feet is called flat feet in medicine. With this disease, the area of contact of the foot with the floor surface increases, and externally, the foot loses its arched structure. Flattopia is a fairly general concept, as there are many variants of this disease, which we will discuss further.
From an anatomical point of view, there are three types of flatfoot: longitudinal, transverse and combined. The most common option is transverse flatfoot, which develops mainly in women between 35 and 50 years old. This pathology “disfigures the foot”, complicates wearing “heels”, and causes significant difficulties in choosing shoes.
With transverse flatfoot, the metatarsal bones of the foot, especially the 1st and 2nd, fan out from each other due to the fact that the ligaments of the sick person’s foot are not able to hold them, and the foot loses its transverse arch. Often with transverse flatfoot, a “bone” appears on the foot, the first toe deviates valgus, and a “hammer deformity” of the 2nd toe appears.
Longitudinal flatfoot is characterized by a decrease in the height of the longitudinal arch, which is why a person begins to walk on the inner edge of the foot, which, in turn, becomes longer. This variant most often develops during puberty in boys aged 13 to 17 years. With longitudinal flatfoot, there is also a frequent outward deviation, “valgization” of the heel.
Combined flatfoot is a pathology in which both types of deformation occur to varying degrees in one foot. Many doctors are inclined to believe that the combined type of flatfoot is the most common variant of this disease in practice.
For reasons, they distinguish: congenital and acquired flat feet. Congenital flatfoot is diagnosed in children aged 4-6 years. This disease is transmitted hereditarily to the child and does not occur very often. In the structure of all types of flat feet, congenital flat feet account for no more than 4%
The remaining types of flat feet are acquired and develop in a person throughout life due to various reasons, among which are:
What symptoms should lead you to believe that you have flat feet? Let's highlight the main symptoms of flat feet:
The diagnosis of “flat feet” is made by an orthopedic traumatologist or an ordinary surgeon. At the present stage of development of orthopedics, the only and reliable method for diagnosing flat feet is radiography of both feet in 2 projections in a standing position with and without a load. All other methods, such as plantography, measuring the height of the arch of the foot with a ruler and others, do not provide accurate and unambiguous answers.
There are several degrees of longitudinal and transverse flatfoot, which are determined by measuring angles on X-rays and the presence of arthrosis of some joints. The main angle of longitudinal flatfoot is the angle formed by the intersection of the line from the calcaneal tubercle to the gap of the sphenoid-navicular joint and the line from the gap of the same joint to the head of the 1st metatarsal bone. Normally it is 125-130 g, and the height of the arch should be more than 35 mm.
Transverse flatfoot is determined on photographs by the angle between the 1st and 2nd metatarsal bones:
Additionally, the angle between the axis of the 1st metatarsal bone and the axis of the 1st toe is determined, according to which the degree of valgus deviation of the 1st toe, which occurs with transverse flatfoot, is determined.
The 1st and 2nd degrees of transverse flatfoot, when the deformity is not significantly pronounced, and the pain syndrome is directly related to stress, can be treated conservatively. With the 3rd and 4th degree of transverse flatfoot, when a person is unable to wear ordinary shoes due to an inflamed “bone”, experiences severe pain in the foot even with minimal loads, reconstructive operations on the foot are recommended: muscle transpositions and osteotomies.
Conservative treatment of transverse flatfoot includes:
Surgical treatment of transverse flatfoot and its tactics are determined by an orthopedic traumatologist in the orthopedic department of a hospital. The following types of operations are distinguished:
After surgical treatment, the sutures are removed after 2 weeks, the patient wears Baruk boots , and undergoes a course of physical therapy and rehabilitation.
Conservative treatment of longitudinal flatfoot includes:
Surgical treatment of longitudinal flatfoot is rarely used. It is most effective at a young age. In the West, the Andersen and Fowler method is popular, when a wedge-shaped osteotomy of the calcaneus is performed with simultaneous taming of the tendon of the posterior tibial muscle.
Today you have learned quite a lot about flat feet. This disease “disfigures” the lower limbs, bringing suffering to a person in the form of pain and fatigue in the feet, the inability to choose shoes and fully engage in sports. Flat feet require early detection, competent diagnosis and a systematic approach to treatment. We wish you to have healthy feet, read and comment on our blog, or better yet, subscribe to it by email.
Tornadoes are one of the most dangerous and destructive natural phenomena, annually claiming hundreds of lives across the planet. The reasons for the appearance of these giant whirlwinds have been known to people since ancient times, but so far no one has learned to pacify them.
Scientists believe that the number of tornadoes is growing noticeably every year, which is associated with general climate change on the planet and the deterioration of the environmental situation.
The largest number of tornadoes were seen in North America, which is where their name comes from. The term “tornado” translated from Spanish means “rotating” - this is what the Spaniards called these whirlwinds when they arrived on the mainland after the discovery of the New World.
A tornado is a vortex in the atmosphere that develops inside a cumulus cloud and gradually descends to the ground in the form of a column up to 400 meters wide at the base. In some cases, its diameter on land can reach 3 kilometers or more, and on water this value usually does not exceed 40 meters. There is a huge difference in pressure between the inside and outside of a tornado - sometimes it is so great that objects falling inside are simply torn apart.
The causes of tornadoes have not been reliably established, but it is believed that they occur in cases where warm, moist air comes into contact with a cold, dry “dome” that has arisen over cold areas of land or ocean. During contact, heat is released, after which the heated air rises, thereby creating an area of rarefaction.
Tornadoes come in different shapes and sizes. The most common are whip-like, thin and smooth, resembling a whip or scourge in appearance. Less common are vague ones, similar to thick clouds near the ground, and composite ones, consisting of two or three vortices. During volcanic eruptions, fire tornadoes are often observed, spreading fire over tens of kilometers. In deserts, there are some kind of analogues of tornadoes - dust or sand whirlwinds, but, as a rule, their diameter does not exceed 3 meters.
After contacting the ground, tornadoes leave behind widespread destruction. They lift into the air and carry over vast distances not only garbage, but also large objects, including trees, houses and vehicles. It is a rare person who finds himself in the center of a tornado and is able to survive.
People who are in the immediate vicinity of a tornado also suffer, because debris from buildings, beams, and slates flying from it can seriously injure and even kill.
A tornado is still a little-studied phenomenon, but scientists believe that in the center of the vortex there is an area of low pressure that does not allow outside air to fill the interior of the tornado. It is likely that there are vertical air currents inside, although such phenomena have not been reliably proven.
Tornado and tornado are synonymous words used differently in different regions of the globe. The strongest whirlwind was recorded in 1999 in the US state of Texas, when a powerful funnel swept across the earth at a speed of about 500 km/h and destroyed everything in its path.
If we talk about size, the 2013 tornado in Oklahoma is considered the largest - it moved at a speed of 485 km/h and covered an area of about 4.2 km. One of the most famous tornado hunters, Tim Samaras, died in this hurricane, along with his son and friend Carl Young.