A person can get injured regardless of location: in the gym, on a slippery road, at work, in an accident, and even at home.
Getting a fracture is always accompanied by painful sensations and partial immobilization of a person. Timely first aid can relieve a person’s pain, speed up the treatment process, and in some cases, save a life. Therefore, everyone should know how to properly provide first aid for fractures, following the principles of care and caution.
Initially, you need to calm down yourself and try to do the same with the injured person. Call an ambulance immediately. Until the medical carriage arrives, follow this sequence of actions:
When providing first aid to a victim with a broken leg, the following rules must be taken into account:
The result of correctly provided first aid for a broken leg will be a successful outcome and a speedy recovery of the person.
First aid for fractures should be carried out with extreme caution, precision and accuracy. The fact is that with inept or hasty actions, there is a high risk of aggravating the injury. The main thing to remember is that under no circumstances should you try to restore the functionality and anatomy of the damaged area on your own. PMP is always carried out only in compliance with certain rules, without unnecessary initiative and action, which is especially important for serious injuries to the back, hip joints, spinal column and ribs. The fact that a person’s bone integrity is compromised can be clearly determined by the main sign – the appearance of swelling at the site of exposure to the traumatic agent after half an hour. In addition, there will definitely be a bruise or hematoma, which depends on the degree of damage to the blood vessels and the extent of the hemorrhage under the skin. Let's consider how to act correctly.
First aid for a broken leg
At the very beginning of your actions, regardless of the type of injury, it is necessary to completely unload and immobilize the damaged area of the body. In medicine this is called immobilization. This will prevent further crushing or displacement of bone fragments, reduce the degree of pain, and stop bleeding. You should also immediately take care to ensure that no infection from the environment gets into the wound. This is an important point in those cases. when first aid is provided for a closed fracture.
First aid for fractures occurs according to the following scheme:
Bleeding can happen with any injury. If the injury is open, then the bleeding occurs due to the fact that large vessels were injured in the process, it is abundant, and it is difficult to stop. It is very good if the person providing assistance knows the difference between arterial and venous bleeding, because these concepts will help determine whether a tourniquet needs to be applied.
Applying a tourniquet for a broken leg
If an artery is damaged, the blood flows massively, often with pulsations, and its color becomes bright red or scarlet. In this case, the tourniquet must be placed above the location of the wound. Venous bleeding is not so active, the fluid comes out slowly, in a stream. And its color is like a ripe cherry. The tourniquet should be applied below the wound site.
If the patient has a closed injury, then it is necessary to stop the bleeding using local means. Ice or frozen foods are most often used. This can reduce pain, swelling and the size of the hematoma.
First aid for limb fractures differs slightly in the algorithm of actions from other injuries. However, in this case, it is paramount to pay attention to immobilization of the limb, for which splints are also used.
When applying them, you must adhere to one rule - they must be fixed in two joints located nearby (above and below the damaged bones). Let's say if a person breaks his lower leg, then it is necessary to fasten the splint to the ankle joint, and the hip to the knee.
A fracture is always accompanied by pain, so before immobilization the victim must be given any painkiller, otherwise the patient may experience an attack of painful shock. As the most effective and affordable drugs, it is recommended to use: Ketanol or Ketorol, Analgin, Ortofen.
When providing first aid to a person who has broken a limb, you should remember that clothing should not be removed under any circumstances. The splint is applied over trousers and other things. If you need to treat a wound, then it is only permissible to cut off small sections of tissue, which will allow access for antiseptic manipulations. If you remove clothes, there is a risk of displacement or shifting, as well as an increase in the number of fragments and bleeding due to injury to blood vessels. As a result, the patient's pain will increase, even to the point of shock.
First aid should be carried out taking into account the rules and actions described above. If a person has a broken lower leg, then a splint should be applied, which is attached to the area of the foot and ankle joint, as well as the hip and knee. If there is an open wound, it must be treated with an antiseptic, which prevents infection and the subsequent development of complications. A sterile bandage should also be applied.
If the foot is injured, it is necessary to immobilize the toes and ankle joint with a splint.
Probably the most difficult first aid is for pelvic fractures, because it is very difficult to diagnose if there is no special education. But there is still one characteristic symptom - the victim’s position will be on his back, and his legs will be spread apart and bent at the knees. This is the only way he can reduce severe pain and prevent shock.
For such injuries, it is unacceptable to use splints, and the victim can only be transported to the emergency room on a rigid stretcher, in the same position in which he is. To support the position, dense soft cushions (from pillows or clothing, foam rubber) can be useful.
The most serious injury, not without reason, is considered a fracture. First aid, provided on time and in the required amount, can reduce the risk of complications, reduce the time of disability, and sometimes save a person from disability or death. To do this, you just need to immediately provide rest to the injured bones, numb the pain and transport the injured person to the hospital.
A fracture is a violation of the integrity of a bone (complete or incomplete) that occurs under the influence of physical force or pathology. There are:
In fact, the classification of fractures is very extensive, but only traumatologists need knowledge of all its nuances, especially since they do not in any way affect the rules for providing first aid at the scene of an accident.
There are several signs, the presence of which is highly likely to suggest a fracture.
The first of them is pain that occurs immediately at the time of injury, intensifying when moving the affected limb or when feeling it.
The next symptom is functional impairment. If the leg bones are broken, a person cannot stand on the injured limb; if an arm is injured, a person is unable to use it. Fractured ribs do not allow adequate breathing, and when the spine is damaged, the victim often loses the ability to move at all.
Deformity is a sign that is relevant mainly for fractures of the extremities. The presence of changes in the shape of a leg or arm clearly indicates displacement of fragments.
Pathological mobility is the fourth symptom characterizing a fracture. This term refers to sweat as the mobility of a limb in a place where a healthy person cannot have it.
Crepitus is a sound phenomenon that occurs when bone fragments rub against each other. It is heard as a crunching sound when the injured limb moves.
All these signs do not always appear during a fracture. There are, for example, impacted fractures, in which one part of the bone seems to fit into another. In this case, there may be no deformation or crepitus. A compression fracture of the spine is a variant of this injury: sometimes hours pass before its main symptoms appear and the person consults a doctor. Typically, a visit to the emergency room is made when signs of damage to the nerve roots or the spinal cord itself increase (the skin of the arms and legs becomes numb, weakness appears in the limbs, etc.)
Providing first aid for fractures should begin immediately, since the sharp ends of bone fragments can damage the main arteries, cut large nerve trunks, and the injury can cause shock.
The scope of first aid measures depends on many factors:
Ensuring the safety of the victim and the rescuer is a top priority. You should make sure that there is no threat to the health or life of others, and if necessary, move the injured person to a safe place.
Immobilization is the best way to prevent further deterioration of a person's condition. Any displacement of bone fragments relative to each other causes severe pain and can lead to a drop in blood pressure, rupture of blood vessels and nerves. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure complete immobility of the affected body segment.
This is easiest to do for broken limbs. For immobilization, they use either special splints or improvised ones - boards, sticks, cardboard, you can even take glossy magazines rolled into a tube. The splint should be positioned to cover at least two joints adjacent to the broken bone - the upper and lower. There are only two exceptions:
You cannot put a splint on bare skin: it is better that there is at least one layer of fabric between it and the limb - clothing or a rag. It must be bandaged throughout. In exceptional cases, it is enough to tie it above and below the fracture site - this is better than not immobilizing it at all.
Attention! Never try to straighten an injured limb! This can aggravate the injury, causing tissue damage and shock. If the limb at the fracture site is bent, you should place a roll rolled up from clothing under it and only then bandage the splint.
There may be situations when there is nothing to make an improvised tire from. In this case, the anatomical features of the body should be used. So, when a leg is broken, the injured limb is bandaged to the healthy one, and when an arm is broken, it is bandaged to the body.
Immobilization here is quite simple - the affected finger is bandaged to the adjacent healthy one along its entire length.
Perhaps the only fracture that does not require fixation. Previously, with this injury, the victim was given a pressure bandage on the chest. Currently, this method has been abandoned, as it worsens the course of the injury, promoting the development of pneumonia against the background of decreased respiratory function.
There is no immobilization. The victim should be laid on his back, placing a tight cushion under his knees and spreading the patient’s hips to the sides (“frog pose”, in which the person will remain during the entire recovery period).
This injury is considered the most dangerous. The slightest displacement of vertebral fragments can lead to the intersection of nerve roots or the spinal cord. This will make a person disabled, and in some cases can even kill him. If a person says that he cannot feel his arms or legs, if he fell from a height or was in a car accident, he should be suspected of having a spinal fracture. Such a victim is placed on his back on a board the length of his height, securely tied and transported with all precautions to the hospital.
Please note: in case of injuries to the thoracic and lumbar spine, the patient is placed on his back on a rigid, non-bending plane (position “b” in the figure). If it is not possible to create a non-bending plane or there is a large wound in the lumbar region, then the victim is placed on a soft stretcher on his stomach (position “a” in the figure).
After installing the splint, the conscious victim is given the strongest painkiller available (dexketoprofen, ketorolac, baralgin). This is necessary in order to reduce the chance of developing traumatic shock. Cold applied to the fracture site also helps relieve pain. A bottle of cold water, a heating pad with ice, a bottle of soft drink taken from the refrigerator - any of these items will reduce the degree of swelling and the volume of the hematoma and reduce the intensity of pain.
Traumatologists say: “In case of an open fracture, we first treat the wound, then we deal with the fracture.” This approach is optimal, because while you are looking for material for a splint or giving the victim pain pills, he may simply bleed to death.
For an open fracture, first aid is to immediately stop the bleeding. The easiest way to deal with capillary bleeding is to simply bandage the wound and it will stop. In case of damage to the main vessels (especially arteries), a pressure bandage is applied, and if this does not help, then a hemostatic tourniquet is installed above the wound.
You can use anything as a tourniquet - rope, tie, belt. Laces, wires, etc.
After the bleeding has completely stopped, immobilization of the injury site, pain relief, and transportation of the victim to the nearest medical facility should be done.
The rules for providing first aid to children are similar to those we described above. Detailed video instructions for helping a child who has broken a bone are given below:
A lot depends on the timeliness and quality of first aid provided for a fracture. The wrong tactics or lack thereof can make a person disabled, put him in a hospital bed for a long time, and sometimes lead to his death. By providing first aid for a broken bone, you will give the person a huge chance for a quick, and most importantly, complete recovery.
Bozbey Gennady Andreevich, emergency doctor
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If first aid is provided correctly for a fracture, the number of possible complications is almost halved. Often, first aid for a broken leg saves a person’s life. This refers to open types of bone fractures accompanied by severe bleeding due to damage to large blood vessels.
Emergency care for fractures directly depends on the type of injury and its consequences. It is necessary to perform a preliminary diagnosis of the victim’s condition.
There are three main types of traumatic injuries:
A special group of injuries is represented by intra-articular fractures, if the head or neck of the limb bone is affected. If a person breaks his leg in this area, diagnosis is difficult; an x-ray needs to be taken.
The most characteristic signs of a violation of bone integrity:
If the victim breaks a bone as a result of an injury, swelling of the surrounding tissues increases within half an hour. As a result of a violation of the integrity of the vessels, a subcutaneous hematoma is formed, resembling a bruise.
What to do in case of a closed or open leg fracture: first of all, immobilize the injured limb. It is necessary to ensure complete immobility. This event prevents the displacement of bone fragments, and also helps to stop bleeding and prevent pain shock from developing.
If this type of injury occurs, first aid is aimed at preventing secondary infection of the wound surface.
With a closed fracture, you need to do the same. If there is no wound area, you do not need to do antiseptic treatment or apply a sterile dressing.
If the victim breaks his leg so that a wound surface is formed, bleeding can be profuse due to damage to large vessels by bone fragments. It is important to distinguish between bleeding from a vein and an artery, since the area where a rubber tourniquet needs to be applied depends on the type of pathology. In the case of arterial bleeding, the blood continuously flows out in a pulsating stream and has a scarlet tint. A tourniquet is applied above the bleeding area. With venous bleeding, the blood flows slowly, in a uniform stream and has a dark tint. In this case, a tourniquet is applied below the bleeding area.
With a closed fracture, bleeding is stopped by external means. The most accessible is ice or another source of cold that is applied to the affected area. This way you can reduce the size of the intracavitary hematoma and the intensity of the pain syndrome.
For immobilization, special splints are used, which are divided into the following types:
The width of this element is 60 - 120 mm, the length of a standard tire is 60 - 100 cm. Every ambulance team is equipped with such structures. At home, you can make a tire from scrap items. Usually they use ski poles, skis, and boards.
When applying a splint, it is important to follow a simple rule: fixate in two adjacent joints located above and below the fracture. For example, if a person has broken the bones of the lower leg, the splint is fixed in the area of the foot and thigh, capturing the knee joint. Before immobilizing a limb, it is necessary to perform anesthesia, since pain during this manipulation can cause painful shock in the victim.
In case of a hip fracture, a splint is applied from the foot to the armpit, from the inside to the groin. Immobilization can be further improved with a Kramer splint, if installed along the back of the thigh and to the sole of the foot. Figure 3.
In case of a fracture of the tibia, the Kramer splint is applied from the toes to the thigh, in case of damage to the foot - to the upper parts of the leg. In case of a severe fracture of the tibia, the back splint is strengthened with side splints. In the absence of a Kramer splint, the shin is fixed with two wooden sticks, which are placed on the sides of the leg over the same length.
Immobilization of the lower leg and thigh using the “leg to leg” method is allowed; this is not a reliable method, but it can be used as a last resort.
Another important rule in providing emergency care for a broken leg is the following: you cannot remove the victim’s clothes. Even if a person breaks his leg while wearing warm, thick clothing, the splint is placed over trousers, trousers and other wardrobe items. When treatment of a wound is necessary, a piece of the required area is cut out of the clothing fabric, but the trouser leg is not completely removed. Otherwise, the displacement of bone fragments can worsen and cause severe bleeding and shock.
Before applying the splint, the limb is wrapped in soft materials, this helps prevent compression of the joints. In addition, the limb must take the most physiological position. The splint is tightly attached using gauze bandages, belts, scarves, and pieces of clothing. But not too tight, so as not to impede the blood supply to the limb. If the victim complains of a feeling of numbness, it is necessary to inspect the area where the splint is applied; if a bluish color appears, the bandage is immediately loosened.
In cold weather, to prevent frostbite of the injured limb, the immobilizing bandage is covered with warm clothing or a blanket.
Under no circumstances should bone fragments protruding from the wound be reset; this will only worsen the situation, especially if there is no specialized knowledge in this area. In the case of a displaced fracture, special care is required when transporting the victim to the hospital, since it can provoke the occurrence of an open fracture and complicate subsequent treatment.
Such injuries are considered severe injuries when not only the integrity of bones, but also muscles, skin, and soft tissues is damaged. They can occur in both adults and children. They appear after an impact, when a broken bone breaks through tissue and skin, or due to external trauma, in which tissue damage leads to bone deformation. The danger of such injuries lies in possible large blood loss, internal hemorrhage, sepsis, traumatic shock, which in some cases leads to serious consequences. Therefore, first aid for open fractures should be carried out without delay.
There are certain recommendations that must be followed in order to properly assist a victim with an open fracture:
To do everything correctly, you need to carefully study how to correctly carry out the necessary activities. This knowledge will also help you act quickly, avoiding panic and unnecessary fuss.
Remember! The future life of the victim depends on how first aid is provided for closed fractures.
When bleeding from an open wound is insignificant, doctors advise applying a hemostatic bandage to it. If there is a risk of large blood loss, a tourniquet must be used. It can be replaced with a rope, a belt or belt, a bandage, or clothing torn into long shreds.
Important! Before you start fixing the tourniquet on the damaged area, you should find out the nature of the bleeding. The blood from the vein is dark red and flows steadily from the wound. Arterial bleeding is characterized by a bright shade of red and a pulsating nature.
If the bleeding is determined to be venous, a tourniquet is applied under the wound. When tightening it, be sure to indicate the exact time. In the case of arterial bleeding, a bandage is applied over the injured area. This must be done as quickly as possible to prevent serious blood loss, leading to death. Every 1.5 hours, the tourniquet should be loosened slightly for a few minutes, this will help prevent the limb from dying.
Features of the implementation of auxiliary measures for open injuries
The location of these injuries depends on the name of the broken bone. This is how they distinguish:
For each type of open injury, a sequence of actions necessary for the correct implementation of assistance has been developed.
An open hip fracture is often caused by a car accident due to a fall. In some cases, it causes displacement of debris, which increases the pain shock in the victim. With such an injury, the first priority is pain relief. Then a splint is applied along the body from the foot to the armpit area. Remember! It should not be attached to the area where the bone is protruding.
An open leg fracture is considered extremely unfavorable. The recovery process for a victim with such an injury is long and can reach several months. In case of this injury, first of all, a compression bandage is applied just above the injury site. Next, the tire is attached. After this, the patient is placed in a position in which his head remains slightly elevated. Place something soft under your legs and elbows, such as clothes or pillows. Before medical workers arrive, you need to carefully monitor the patient’s well-being, adjusting the position of the tourniquet.
An open fracture of the arm is more common than others. Usually people who seek help receive it when they fall or receive a powerful blow. With this injury, there is significant swelling and damage to the joints. In this case, the patient is kept motionless and a splint is attached to the fracture area. If there is damage to the arteries, which is accompanied by severe bleeding, a compression bandage is applied above the fracture. Before the arrival of doctors, you should constantly monitor the temperature of the patient’s hand. If it drops, it means there is a circulatory disorder and you need to loosen the tourniquet a little.
If there is an open fracture of the tibia, you must immediately remove the victim’s shoes. In this case, you need to hold the heel area with one hand, and the toe with the other. If you don't do this right away, it will be difficult to do later. After such actions, the shins are given a natural position. Then the wound is treated and a compression bandage is applied and the time is indicated. During the process of providing assistance, the victim is given an analgesic. Then the shin is fixed with improvised means, on both sides, so that not only the ankle, but also the knee joint remains motionless. This fracture is dangerous because in some cases complete restoration of bone function is not possible. Also, it is often accompanied by purulent complications.
An open fracture of the forearm also requires the victim to immediately take pain medication to reduce the risk of traumatic shock. It is recommended to apply a tourniquet to the damaged area or press on the artery in the armpit to reduce bleeding. The shoulder and elbow joints are fixed with a splint, which can be all sorts of objects suitable for carrying out such actions: sticks, a hockey stick, a ski pole. If the injury is severe and the patient loses consciousness, you need to bring him to consciousness with ammonia.
An open fracture of a finger is considered the easiest. Treatment and rehabilitation in this case takes several months due to the thinness of the bones. There are usually no complications with such injuries.
With an open fracture of the ribs, it is difficult to make them motionless, because they rise when breathing occurs. In this case, a pressure bandage should be applied to the chest. The patient will be able to breathe using the abdominal muscles.
Important! If a person has such an injury, when communicating with the victim, there is no need to ask him anything; trying to answer you will cause him pain. Also, one should not allow him to assume a horizontal position, in which fragments of the ribs can puncture vital organs and cause internal bleeding.
The patient must be transported to a medical facility using an equipped ambulance. If for some reason this cannot be done, then you need to use any available means of transport.
In case of a fracture of the upper limbs, the victim is allowed to be transported in a sitting position. If the legs, spine, pelvic bones are injured, the patient can only be moved while lying down. The patient must be carried into the car and transported carefully. Even slight movement of the fragments can cause severe pain and suffering. Also, careless transportation of the victim causes damage to soft tissues from bone fragments, which threatens new complications.
Treatment of such injuries must be carried out in a medical facility. Due to its complexity, it takes quite a long time. The primary goal of treating open fractures is to prevent the appearance and development of purulent infections in the tissues. There are 3 ways to implement it:
Surgery for open fractures is mandatory. With its help, the wound is cleared of fragments and the vessels are stitched together. All treatment methods are carried out in conjunction with antibacterial therapy. It may include both the use of antibiotic tablets and intravenous infusions. The duration of therapy depends on the nature of the fracture and the presence of concomitant diseases. It can take up to six months.
Damage of this nature requires mandatory rehabilitation measures:
All of them are carried out with the aim of improving blood supply, healing of inflamed areas, and fusion of bones. Often bones are restored without problems, but dead and damaged tissues require long-term recovery.
There are 3 stages in the process:
The callus is often larger than the broken bone. Subsequently, it decreases; moderate physical activity can help speed up this process.
They can be irreversible if first aid was not provided within 6 to 8 hours after receiving such an injury. After this time, sepsis, blood poisoning, may develop.
The presence of soil in a wound often leads to the appearance of tetanus. During the operation, contaminated areas are removed. If, in order to save the patient’s life, significant removal of muscles and tendons is carried out, he may remain disabled, losing his ability to work.
Important! Favorable healing without complications is possible with correct and prompt first aid and subsequent competent work of specialists.
This is a question many people ask. Open fractures are mechanical injuries and cannot be prevented. Despite this, experts say that some damage can be avoided in cases where the bones have a dense structure. Naturally, this will not save you from falling from a great height or getting into a serious accident, but it will help you avoid open fractures due to normal twisting of your legs.
To achieve a dense bone structure, you need to eat right, add more food containing potassium and zinc to your diet, for example, nuts, celery, and beets. It is also recommended to maintain good shape and avoid excessive overeating, which leads to excessive weight gain. Exercise can help you achieve a healthy weight.
Important! Bad habits have a bad effect on the structure of bone tissue. It has been proven that open fractures heal more slowly in smokers, and their risk of bone healing is very high.
Fortunately, there is an effective method for treating joints, which our readers are already successfully using! Read more >>
During cold weather, soft tissue damage due to prolonged exposure to low temperatures becomes a common problem. If you do not react in time, a person risks remaining disabled, even death is possible. Let's take a closer look at what first aid should be for frostbite so that the negative consequences of exposure to cold are minimal.
Frostbite is the result of tissue hypothermia, as a result of which normal blood circulation is disrupted and the processes necessary to maintain cell viability are hampered. The principle of such injuries is quite simple.
Certain areas of the body are more susceptible to cold damage, since the flow of blood to them is hampered, and intense heat loss is possible. If there is nothing to compensate for this process, frostbite occurs.
The following factors can cause injury:
The risk of hypothermia increases in children, people with weakened immune systems, as well as when there is a calorie deficit for energy production (overwork, hunger, etc.). When consuming foods and drinks that dilate blood vessels (coffee, alcohol), smoking, the tendency to frostbite also increases.
First medical aid for frostbite must necessarily minimize further exposure to provoking factors. If this is not done in a timely manner, the degree of tissue damage will only worsen, despite other response measures.
There are general hypothermia of the body and local frostbite.
There are 4 degrees of frostbite:
Providing primary care for frostbite should take into account the degree of tissue damage. If there is severe damage, it is better to limit yourself to basic measures and call an ambulance.
In order to reduce the risks of developing unpleasant consequences, and sometimes simply save the life of the victim, it is necessary to carry out response measures correctly and in a timely manner.
First aid is provided as follows:
These are basic instructions for providing assistance in case of frostbite; it is better to entrust specific measures to doctors.
Inept first aid for frostbite can cause even greater harm. There are a number of restrictions regarding PHC activities. In particular, they relate to situations where severe and extremely severe tissue damage has occurred.
In such cases, you are prohibited from doing the following:
Some people make similar mistakes. If in the first stages of frostbite they are not capable of causing significant harm to a person’s health, in the case of severe injuries the price of such actions is life.
In order to eliminate tissue damage and its consequences, as well as prevent the development of various complications, it is necessary to transport the victim to the hospital as soon as possible, where he will be provided with qualified assistance. After examining the site of frostbite, the doctor will perform high-quality tissue treatment and prescribe further treatment.
It may include the following activities:
Treatment of frostbite can take many months, even with qualified assistance. It is more advisable to prevent such situations and take care of protection from the cold in advance.
You can prevent hypothermia by doing the following:
Damage to the integrity of bones is a dangerous and very painful condition, when it is important to provide first aid quickly and correctly, because human life often depends on it.
For fractures, the essence of first aid is to ensure maximum immobility of the damaged part of the body. The slightest movement in the area of damaged bones will lead to tissue injury, painful shock, and fainting.
What is the provision of first aid for fractures of different locations, as well as how to properly ensure the immobility of the damaged bone, we will tell you in this article.
A fracture is a change in the integrity of a bone under the influence of external factors.
First aid for bone fractures is provided by health care workers, whose actions are aimed at avoiding injury to adjacent tissues from debris, as well as other complications.
If providing first aid for fractures is impossible for any reason, all necessary actions are carried out by relatives or witnesses of the accident.
There are several types of bone damage.
They appear due to the influence of external factors on the bone. Fixed in case of impacts, falls, accidents.
They arise as a result of various diseases that thin the bone tissue and lead to bone damage even with minor external influences. Such damage occurs quite rarely.
Fractures are also distinguished depending on their type:
There are also injuries in which the joint is injured. With such injuries, bloody exudate accumulates in the joint cavity. Diagnosis of such injuries is carried out only using x-rays.
At the time of providing first aid, you need to verify the type of injury. Therefore, it is important to know its symptomatic manifestations:
With open bone injuries, external bleeding is observed, with closed injuries, internal hemorrhage is observed, accompanied by the formation of hematomas.
Regardless of the location of the damage, emergency care for fractures consists of clear and consistent actions.
The main point when providing first aid for fractures is the correct use of splints. Special medical devices are not always available, so you can use hard, straight objects such as sticks, boards or plywood.
The splints are fixed on both the outer and inner sides of the limb. If a person is missing clothing or fragments of it, splints are used as follows:
First aid for fractures is based on the main rule: do no harm. Therefore, it must be done extremely carefully, because any awkward movement can further aggravate the situation.
When providing first aid in case of a fracture, the following is prohibited:
Manipulations to set bones should be performed by medical professionals who will do this as correctly as possible.
Despite the fact that the provision of first aid is based on uniform principles, there are a number of features depending on the location of the injured bones.
For broken limbs, first aid consists of pain relief and proper splinting.
Any medical team has specialized splints that are used for broken limbs. However, if for some reason PMP cannot be provided immediately, then the person providing assistance can use any means that act as tires.
The devices are attached to two joints, one of which is located above the injury, and the other below it.
For example, in case of a broken leg, the essence of first aid is to fix the foot and ankle joint, as well as the hip.
First aid for a fractured limb includes the use of pain-relieving agents. It is better to do this before installing the splints, since any manipulation in the damaged area leads to severe pain, which provokes a painful shock.
An important point is that in case of bone fractures, the devices are fixed only to clothing. It is strictly forbidden to remove it, as these actions will lead to a shift in the fragmentation parts and increased pain.
If a closed fracture of the tibia is recorded, you need to use two splints. 1 is placed on the outside of the leg. It should end under the person's armpit. 2 splint is placed on the inside of the leg. Both devices are tightly fixed with bandages.
In the event that there are neither specialized splints nor improvised means to replace them, first aid for a broken leg consists of connecting the two legs together: the damaged limb is bandaged to the healthy one.
If the shoulder bones are damaged, use a Kramer splint, which is placed starting from the scapula of the uninjured shoulder and ending with the middle of the forearm of the injured arm. Be sure to immobilize the joints of the shoulder and elbow. The splint is modeled by the person who helps the patient, and then he bandages the device to the broken arm.
Timely first aid for fractures of the extremities allows you to avoid serious complications, wound infection and pain shock.
Providing competent assistance in a timely manner for a fracture of the bones of the spine will not allow a person to become disabled.
A spinal fracture requires the provision of first aid only in a hospital hospital setting.
The goal of the people helping the victim is to quickly provide a medical examination. The victims are transported on a solid stretcher or a special board. In this case, special cushions are used to ensure the natural position of the spine.
For a fractured collarbone, emergency care consists of applying cold to the injured area, since the rapid appearance of swelling will prevent doctors from performing the necessary actions.
First aid for a clavicle fracture includes the use of a figure-eight bandage. Soft material must be placed under it so that it covers the armpit area.
Injury to the skull is dangerous due to the appearance of hemorrhage in the brain or its swelling.
First aid for a skull fracture consists of the following sequential actions:
When the base of the skull is fractured, spinal injuries are often recorded, so the first medical assistance also includes securing real estate for the neck.
Considering the prevalence of such injuries, first aid for bone fractures should be introduced to school life lessons.
It is important to explain to children what symptoms of injury are revealed during the initial examination, what to do with a broken limb, and why hospitalization in this case should be urgent.
With this important knowledge, children learn the basics of life and learn how to stay healthy during their daily activities.