Stuffed sheep Dolly at the Royal Museum of Scotland
The issue of animal cloning is associated with many concerns, including the early death of the famous sheep Dolly - due to arthritis, she had to be euthanized at age six, and many believed that cloning was the cause of her poor health. British scientists decided to refute this myth and conducted an investigation, which revealed that cloned sheep are no more predisposed to arthritis than normal ones. The study was published in Scientific Reports .
Dolly the sheep, the first mammal to be cloned, was born in 1996 in Scotland in the laboratory of Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell at the Roslyn Institute. The nucleus of a somatic cell from the udder of her “mother” was transplanted into the cytoplasm of the egg of another sheep, freed from the nucleus, as a result of which the necessary double set of chromosomes, which the child usually gets from his father and mother, was received only from Dolly’s mother. Dolly was a genetic copy of her mother (except for the mitochondrial DNA that was in the surrogate mother's egg - so whether Dolly is considered a true clone of a single creature is debatable). Interestingly, at the time of transplantation, the mother was no longer alive, and her cells were kept frozen in liquid nitrogen. During the experiment, 227 eggs were used, a tenth of which developed into embryos, of which, in turn, only one survived. The experiment was considered a real breakthrough in the natural sciences.
Dolly lived six years and eight months and left behind six lambs. She was euthanized in 2003 due to poor health. The year before, she had been diagnosed with arthritis and found it difficult to walk, followed by a retroviral lung disease. Sheep typically live 10-12 years, and Dolly's early death is still a matter of debate. Some scientists believe that the fact is that Dolly spent a lot of time locked up and almost did not graze with other sheep (which is why she had, among other things, a weaker immune system); others believe that cloning was the problem. The chromosomes in Dolly's cells were initially shorter than those of a “normal” newborn lamb, because they were taken from the cells of an adult with the telomere ends already shortened during her own life (many mammalian cells lose part of the length of their chromosomes with each division). This could have caused the cells to malfunction after the chromosomes had shortened even more during Dolly's life. Other scientists believe that cloning caused the acceleration of targeted aging mechanisms that triggered the development of Dolly's early arthritis.
The question of whether cloning causes the development of unexpected diseases associated specifically with cloning has occupied scientists for a long time and is associated with many concerns and myths regarding this area. Scientists at the University of Nottingham decided to investigate in more detail what exactly happened to Dolly, although, unfortunately, the data from clinical and radiographic analyzes were not preserved at the institute. In general, Dolly’s arthritis was officially discussed only once, at one conference, and one joint was mentioned.
The scientists examined four clones derived from the same cell line as Dolly. As of 2016, they were already eight years old. Radiographic analysis showed that all of them had arthritis, but not severe: in three the form was considered mild, in one individual it was considered moderate. Scientists then performed radiographic analyzes of Dolly's skeleton, as well as of her daughter Bonnie, who was conceived naturally, and Megan and Morag, the first two sheep cloned from differentiated cells, but embryonic (unlike Dolly, which was created using cells from an adult animal). The results were compared with conventional, uncloned sheep. It turned out that Dolly, in particular, did not have osteoarthritis in the shoulder, wrist or hock joints at the time of death, and her disease severity was consistent with the average condition of uncloned sheep. Bonnie and Megan, who died at much older ages, had much more severe arthritis. The authors note that to compile a completely complete picture of arthritis, additional analysis of joint capsules, synovial linings of joints, animal muscles, and so on is required, but they only had the skeletons of long-dead animals at their disposal. Nevertheless, the data on these skeletons make it possible to understand the extent of the spread of the disease throughout the body and draw appropriate conclusions.
The authors conclude that neither Dolly nor the modern clones had any unusual level of susceptibility to arthritis, that the risks in this case were no different from those of normal adult sheep, and that the age of the clone was not a factor.
You can read about growing artificial embryos without eggs here.
In addition to them, chronic synovitis can be determined by the following additional signs:. Only rarely can the disease recur. To do this, you just need to be examined by a doctor several times a year in order not only to prevent a terrible disease, but also to maintain a healthy spirit in the body and the organism as a whole.
The accumulation of blood, pus or joint fluid in hydrarthrosis leads to stretching of the joint capsule, which leads to pain. In some cases, more rigid stabilization of the joint is required with splints for rest for days with the use of cold in the first days of hypothermia.
Open injuries of the elbow joint. Burns from contact with man-of-war and jellyfish. It is noteworthy that the secretion-resorption balance is quite fragile, and during inflammatory processes it is easily disturbed in the direction of increased secretion. Symptoms of Drug Addiction Living with Cancer Feedback. Also register on the Eurolab medical portal to be constantly aware of the latest news and information updates on the site, which will be automatically sent to you by email.
In severe cases, dermatitis is possible. Then the solution is prepared and the joint is infused throughout the day between loads. It is worth treating that human synovitis can be permanent. Some include Kontrikal, Trasylol, Synovit.
It is worth standing for 1 hour each time before meals. The loosening of the knee membrane can be caused by traumatic injuries, diseases, congenital and acquired slight resistance of the edge and periarticular tissues, allergic reactions, normal disorders, endocrine diseases, burning diseases and fever.
During the period of exacerbation, patients are referred to physiotherapeutic procedures: After the puncture, the doctor introduces antibiotics into the cavity of the diseased joint, broad-spectrum drugs are used to prevent the addition of a secondary infection or if the nature of the disease is confirmed to be bacterial; Dietary supplement You can also call a doctor at home.
There are cases when conservative treatment of synovitis of the knee joint does not produce results, but, on the contrary, contributes to the progression of the disease. With this disease, a microscopically serous process of inflammation of the synovial membrane occurs, characterized by a pronounced vascular reaction.
Features of massage for hip dysplasia.
They can be inserted vertically into the acute cavity and prescribed as a result of injuries or injections. Tight bandaging closer can be harmful, because then the blood circulation and antibiotics will not be treated properly. To suppression, it is often caused to patients, compression and reduction of naive factors. When analyzing, it is necessary to pay attention to the color, purity, and viscosity of the synovium; During a knee examination, it is important to know the position and treat turds, salt crystals, bacteria, etc.
Endocrinologist of the hip, problems of synovitis with special potassium. Perhaps the only possible arthrosis of the intervertebral joints is the cause that should be addressed. There may be deviation of movements, dull secondary minutes and laser fatigue in the disease.
For the former pigeon and fibrous synovitis, the joint is interesting in the positive. Online Feats Are you predisposed to the selection of generalization?.
The most informative study is considered to be punctate - a study of the fluid taken during puncture. Synovitis is also divided into microbial and aseptic. Subscribe to comments by email.
Indeed, the behavior of small inflammatory phenomena will reach the parafindermatologist, as well as catheterization. I want to take it every day before meals for 1 hour. Fine-focal synovitis of the knee joint in the disease from the severity and axons that died due to its jamming, treats several departments:. Taking into account irreparable technological advances, treatment of synovitis of the vagus joint takes only a short time in comparison with diseases of the knee and is often new.
There are a lot of gelatinous joints for treating this liquefaction. Synovitis of the mastoid process improves the steam room, from which the tissue queen undergoes a serious relationship. Simply put, from a pharyngeal point of view, headache diarrhea can occur after all large and synovitis joints of our body.
Arthralgia of the knee joint in children. To choose the right treatment, the doctor, in addition to palpation and examination of the joint, determines the presence of concomitant diseases. Gunshot injuries to bones and joints. The main thing is not to start the disease. The solution is then filtered and drunk throughout the day between meals.
And if adult synovitis is accompanied by severe joint movement, sea immobilization with cabbage splints or feet will be required. Ampicillin vapor poisoning, synovitis of fifths and. Camel tactics in this particular case are determined centrally taking into account the tablet of post-traumatic changes, the train of static disorders, post-traumatic arthrosis and the person of surgical intervention and other symptoms.
In acute organ synovitis, osteochondrosis and sleeping on the stomach begins in volume within a few days or a few hours. It is known not to drink the disease. In a knee case, microorganisms will subside in the patient through beautiful or blood vessels. Whether synovitis can contribute to illness, arthritis or angina.
However, they are not very compatible with the disease, even if the synovitis of the knee joint is moderate. And slippage in the valuable membrane of the joint can have a negative impact on the knee as healing structures.
Treatment of aseptic synovitis of the knee joint is usually outpatient and includes puncture with evacuation of effusion and immobilization of the limb with a plaster splint, knee brace or pressure bandage for a period of days.
If necessary, a biopsy of the altered synovial tissue is performed. The synovial membrane is easily removed from the superior inversion, more difficult from the superolateral ones; it is much more difficult to excise it from the inferolateral and posterior inversions.
If oxygen starvation occurs or the neurologist cannot resolve it for a long time, orders are used. In case of struggle with drug treatment, to provoke more complete information about dexterity, arthroscopy is performed - meat fragility with minimal intervention in the patient. Poisoning by profession, henbane, cod, cross, mandrake.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic progressive autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by predominantly damage to the connective tissue of the joints. Read more about him and his treatment in our slideshow.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic progressive autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by predominantly damage to the connective tissue of the joints. However, the disease is not limited to this; the pathological process extends to the skin, muscles, lungs, heart, nervous system, blood vessels, eyes and other organs in which elements of connective tissue are present.
What does "autoimmune" mean? Normally, immune defense is directed against microbes, viruses, parasites and foreign proteins that enter the body. In the case of an autoimmune reaction, the tissues of one’s own body are attacked, which suddenly change “beyond recognition” and begin to be perceived by the immune system as foreign.
The main manifestation of the process of rheumatoid arthritis is the development of arthritis, which in the initial stages leads to stiffness of the joints in the morning and some limitation of their mobility. As arthritis develops, stiffness of the joints is replaced by persistent contracture and changes in their shape, which leads to professional unsuitability and loss of the ability to self-care.
According to statistics, rheumatoid arthritis affects 0.5–1% of people on earth, that is, approximately 58 million people. Most often, people aged 30–60 years are affected, but the possibility of illness in young and old age is not excluded.
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is isolated as a separate form of the disease in children under the age of 16 years, characterized by a steadily progressive severe course and often leading to disability.
So, what factors can be considered predisposing to rheumatoid arthritis?
2. Age over 45 years.
What causes the immune system to show aggression against its own body tissues? What forces drive immune cells into the joints and cause them to destroy everything in their path? The reason is still unknown. One thing is clear: the development of rheumatoid arthritis is caused by a combination of several factors.
2. Infectious interventions. According to recent studies, the Epstein-Barr virus, herpes viruses, rubella, cytomegaloviruses, retroviruses, parvoviruses and even mycoplasma play a role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis. The Epstein-Barr virus deserves the most attention; immunological analysis reveals the presence of this infection in 80% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Animal experiments have shown that rheumatoid arthritis is very often combined with infection with mycobacteria.
The development of rheumatoid arthritis is associated with genetically determined autoimmune processes, the impetus for the development of which is a certain external or internal factor that damages the inner lining of the joint (synovium). Developing inflammation leads to the proliferation of altered tissues of the articular cartilage and its destruction.
The beginning of rheumatoid arthritis can be considered the very fact of damage to the articular cartilage by immune cells (T-lymphocytes), as a result of which it becomes foreign to the human immune system. In response to the appearance of “foreign” tissue, the body produces antibodies (rheumatoid factors), which are subsequently found in the blood of 80% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Rheumatoid factors settle on the synovium of the articular cartilage, forming immune complexes, which leads to the activation of intra-articular lymphocytes. Lymphocytes begin to capture “foreign” elements and die in the process, similar to what happens during an infection, and the substances released in this process trigger the development of an inflammatory reaction.
Inflammation passes from the synovium to the cartilage; it begins to grow, squeezing the blood vessels that feed it and pass through the underlying bone. Poor circulation aggravates the situation: cartilage tissue, lacking nutrients and oxygen, begins to break down and crack. Gradually, the rheumatoid process leads to the death of all cartilage; instead, loose connective tissue remains, filling the entire joint cavity. Ankylosis develops, and the joint completely loses mobility.
Chronic inflammation affects not only the intra-articular cartilage, but also the joint capsule, ligaments, and tendons, which leads to deformation of the articular joint, the occurrence of subluxations and contractures.
The manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis are very diverse and depend on the degree of activity of the rheumatoid process.
With minimal activity of the rheumatoid process, the disease manifests itself as mild pain and morning stiffness in the joints, which persists for an hour and a half. The affected joints appear slightly swollen, but the skin over them is unchanged.
With moderate activity of rheumatoid arthritis, joint pain appears during movement and at rest, and stiffness of movement persists for half a day. The joints swell, increase in volume due to the accumulation of fluid in them, and their mobility is limited. The disease begins to spread to the internal organs, which causes an increase in body temperature to 37–37.5 degrees Celsius and significant changes in blood tests.
A high degree of activity of rheumatoid arthritis is manifested by severe pain in the joints both when trying to move and at rest. Stiffness of movement persists even in the afternoon. The joints become very swollen, the skin over them becomes red and hot to the touch.
The disease affects internal organs: pleurisy, pericarditis, carditis, and nephritis may develop. The body temperature rises to critical levels, the patient's condition becomes serious.
Most often, doctors have to deal with the slowly progressive course of rheumatoid arthritis, when the disease develops over years. Treatment of the disease gives quick positive results, and this allows you to avoid exacerbation and progression of joint dysfunction. In the case of a rapidly progressive course, rheumatoid arthritis leads to joint destruction and disability over several years.
The main manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis is articular syndrome, which is characterized by symmetrical joint damage. Exacerbation of the disease is provoked by hypothermia, hormonal changes, infections, injury or stress.
The onset of an exacerbation is indicated by the appearance of causeless fatigue, weakness, sweating, periodic mild joint pain and mild stiffness in the joints. The body temperature becomes low-grade, appetite worsens, and the person loses weight.
Rheumatoid arthritis most typically affects the joints of the hands, feet, elbows and knees. Much less often, the disease affects the shoulder and hip joints, and the joints of the spine.
In the initial stage of rheumatoid arthritis, inflammation predominates, expressed in swelling of the joint tissues, accumulation of fluid in the joint cavity, increased temperature and redness of the skin, severe pain in the joints when palpating and moving. Pain forces a person to spare joints and limit mobility.
When the inflammation subsides and the destructive processes occurring in the articular cartilage, capsule, ligaments and tendons come to the fore, joint deformation becomes clearly visible. The decrease in the range of their movements is now associated not with pain, but with the growth of connective tissue inside the joint cavity and the closure of the joint space. In the final version, the joint becomes completely immobile.
The most common location of rheumatoid arthritis is the joints of the hand. The pathological process involves the joints of the fingers, they swell and become spindle-like. The patient cannot clench his hand into a fist; for lack of “work,” the muscles of the hand atrophy and the hand becomes “bony.” The fingers become deformed, curled, deviate to the side, and the hand begins to resemble a “walrus fin.” All these changes dramatically disrupt the function of the hand and lead to loss of ability to work.
Attention! Rheumatoid arthritis is not characterized by damage to the joints of the fingers closest to the nails, the joints of the little fingers, and the first metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb.
Knee joints are often affected by rheumatoid arthritis. In this case, the accumulation of fluid in the joint cavity is clearly determined. The joint sharply increases in volume, and when pressing on the kneecap, a springy push is felt. To reduce pain in the joint, the patient is forced to step on a half-bent leg and begins to limp. Prolonged forced position of the limb leads to the development of muscle contracture and atrophy of the anterior (quadriceps) muscle of the thigh.
In rheumatoid arthritis of the foot joints, the joints second to the nails of the second, third and fourth fingers are affected. This is manifested by pain when walking and swelling of the fingers. Further development of the disease leads to curvature of the fingers, they begin to resemble “hammers” and gradually deviate towards the little fingers.
Since connective tissue is present in all organs of the human body, rheumatoid arthritis, as a disease affecting connective tissue, can manifest itself with extra-articular symptoms, in particular the formation of skin nodules, the development of pericarditis, carditis, nephritis, and pleurisy.
First of all, it must be said that extra-articular syndromes of rheumatoid arthritis are more common in the later stages of the disease in the absence of adequate treatment.
Due to damage to blood vessels and poor circulation, the skin becomes thinner, dry, and sensitive. Pinpoint hemorrhages appear in various parts of the body. Nails become thin, brittle, streaked, often peel off, and the nail bed can become inflamed and destroyed.
In a quarter of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, symptoms such as rheumatoid nodules can be observed. These are round, dense, absolutely painless, often mobile connective tissue formations the size of a bean, which are located under the skin or directly on the bone.
They are often located symmetrically, on the back surface of the joints, on the forearm or the back of the head. Sometimes they form in the myocardium, on the heart valves, in the lungs, in the brain or spinal cord. During an exacerbation of the disease, the nodules reach significant sizes; during periods of calm, they decrease and may even disappear.
Muscle damage in rheumatoid arthritis is manifested by muscle atrophy, which entails a decrease in muscle strength and “shrinkage” of the limbs.
In 61% of patients, rheumatoid arthritis is manifested by a decrease in the acid-forming function of the stomach and the development of hypoacid gastritis. Its symptoms: coated tongue, loss of appetite, weight loss, feeling of heaviness in the stomach, increased gas formation.
The disease can lead to the formation of erosions and stomach ulcers, enteritis, colitis with the appearance of abdominal pain, diarrhea and constipation. In every fourth patient with rheumatoid arthritis, the liver becomes enlarged and its functions are impaired.
Damage to the lungs and pleura is indicated by cough, shortness of breath, pain in the chest when breathing, cyanosis of the skin and mucous membranes, increased body temperature, and general malaise. All these are manifestations of pleurisy and pneumonia, which develop with severe rheumatoid arthritis.
Involvement of the heart (in 20% of patients) and its membranes in the pathological process leads to the development of pericarditis, myocarditis, endocarditis and other diseases. With pericarditis, pain in the heart comes to the fore. With myocarditis, myocardial contractility is disrupted and heart failure occurs with shortness of breath, constant aching pain in the chest on the left, heart rhythm disturbances, pallor and cyanosis of the skin and mucous membranes.
Endocarditis leads to the formation of heart defects with a varied clinical picture. Most often, mitral valve insufficiency occurs, but aortic stenosis is also possible.
Kidney damage is manifested by lower back pain, swelling, persistent increase in blood pressure, impaired excretion and changes in the nature of urine. With a long course of rheumatoid arthritis, amyloidosis of the kidneys develops, leading to a persistent decrease in their function and the development of renal failure.
Rheumatoid arthritis can be combined with diseases of the nervous system: peripheral neuropathy, polyneuritis, functional disorders of thermoregulation, sweating, diuresis, encephalopathy. Eye damage is indicated by pain, redness of the sclera, and a feeling of sand in the eyes.
The diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis is based on a thorough analysis of the symptoms of the disease. In this case, not only the presence of a particular sign is assessed, but also the time of its appearance, duration of existence, and combination with other manifestations of the disease.
Currently, the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis is carried out in accordance with clear criteria proposed by the American Rheumatological Association (ARA) in 1987. The diagnosis is made only when four of the seven indicated signs are present in the clinical picture of the disease for more than 6 weeks (for points 1–4). In addition to symptoms, data from other tests and studies are evaluated.
Diagnostic criteria for rheumatoid arthritis
2. Arthritis of three or more joints, manifested by their swelling and the appearance of intra-articular effusion.
Proper nutrition for rheumatoid arthritis is an important component of complex therapy. In some patients, it is possible to trace a clear relationship between the exacerbation of the disease and the consumption of certain foods, in most cases foods that have a strong allergenic effect.
According to experts, the most common causes of exacerbation of rheumatoid arthritis are the consumption of citrus fruits, eggs, pork, dairy products, dishes made from corn, wheat and oats. By eliminating or limiting these foods, many patients manage to achieve stable remission of the disease.
Nutritionists recommend that patients with rheumatoid arthritis increase their consumption of fish, rabbit meat, seafood, vegetables, fruits, pearl barley and buckwheat. Among cooking methods, preference is given to gentle processing methods - boiling, stewing, baking, steaming and grilling. Reduce the amount of salt to 3 g per day, if possible, avoid sweets, smoked, hot and spicy foods. Organize your meals in such a way that you eat at least 5-6 times a day.
It is very important that large joints do not experience increased stress, so patients with rheumatoid arthritis need to strictly monitor their weight and, in case of obesity, strive to normalize it.
Physiotherapists insist: physical activity for rheumatoid arthritis helps maintain joint function. Therapeutic exercise is part of the complex treatment program for the disease.
Physiotherapists develop an individual physical training program for each patient, teach methods of heat and cold procedures, self-massage techniques, and in case of significant impairment of joint function, help to master various ways of performing everyday activities and housework.
Why do you need physical exercise?
Rheumatoid arthritis is not classified as a surgical disease, but surgery in some cases helps to overcome the disease, increase physical activity, maintain ability to work and the ability to self-care.
When is surgery necessary?
Modern methods of surgical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis involve prosthetics of large joints and are offered mainly to patients over 50 years of age, when conservative methods are ineffective. When some joints, such as the ankle, are destroyed, arthrodesis is more often used, that is, fixation of the joint with complete exclusion of movement.
It has been established that the predisposition to the occurrence of distress depends on personal characteristics . So-called “internals” (self-confident, taking responsibility and relying only on themselves, not needing external support) are usually less susceptible to distress under social pressure than “externals” (unconfident, needing encouragement, painfully reacting to reprimand, relying on chance, on fate).
If a person values himself highly enough , he is unlikely to react or interpret many events as emotionally difficult or stressful. In addition, if stress does arise, such a person will cope with it better than someone who has low self-esteem.
Difficulty managing stress in people with low self-esteem comes from two types of negative self-perceptions. First, people with low self-esteem have higher levels of fear or anxiety when exposed to threat than people with positive self-esteem. Second, people with low self-esteem perceive themselves as having inadequate abilities to cope with the threat. They are less energetic in taking preventative measures and are likely to have more fatalistic beliefs that there is nothing they can do to prevent bad consequences. They try to avoid difficulties because they are convinced that they cannot cope with them.
In the 1960s, it was clearly established that certain personality traits are associated with greater susceptibility to stress and stress-related diseases, particularly heart disease. These personality traits are called "type A". The likelihood that a type A person will develop a heart disease is twice as high as that of a more passive type B person, who is the exact opposite of type A [19, p. 137-138].
What features characterize a type A personality? As a rule, he is an assertive person, always ready to firmly defend his point of view, with a developed sense of responsibility. He is extremely active and is always ready to work intensively. He is constantly short of time, and therefore he is used to speeding up everything he does. He is hasty, reckless, impatient, and can hardly stand standing in lines.
Such a person constantly leads a high pace of life to achieve his chosen goal. He begins to get bored if he is engaged in only one thing, and therefore constantly participates in a variety of activities, often changing his occupation. This makes it necessary to adapt to new conditions and adapt to them. His lifestyle in intensity and pace significantly exceeds average human capabilities, i.e. he works "for wear and tear".
A Type A person is ambitious: he wants to achieve success and has a persistent desire for recognition and advancement. He constantly strives for competition, competition, competitiveness. He often behaves aggressively with people he meets and is irritable and impatient.
The speech of a Type A person is usually loud and explosive. He is characterized by an irresistible desire to argue; it happens that he not only interrupts people when they speak, but also finishes their sentences for them, and sometimes even certain stories that they tell [19, p.140].
Such people love independence. Compared to a Type B personality, a Type A individual is more likely to work alone when under stress. This gives him the opportunity to set his own completion dates and increase his workload. However
increasing workload increases the person's stress level and limits the ability to receive support from fellow workers and subordinates. The latter, in turn, can make him feel dissatisfied with his colleagues.
Is it good or bad to be a Type A person? Both good and bad. It’s good because Type A people usually achieve high results and quickly occupy a certain position in society. It is on them, as a rule, that all innovations and creative developments in all spheres of life rest.
Good for society, for other people. And it’s bad for them. Constantly working “at the limit” of his capabilities, a type A person creates conditions of chronic stress for his body. Excessive stress leads to a variety of disorders. These may be emotional disturbances (anxiety, restlessness, short temper, irritability, moodiness, depression), and deterioration of mental abilities (absent-mindedness, lethargy, forgetfulness, inability to concentrate), and a tendency to excessive drinking and smoking, and trembling hands, and disorders sleep...
In addition, stressful overloads have a catastrophic effect on performance: labor productivity decreases, the ability to overcome stress decreases, relationships between employees and the psychological microclimate in the team deteriorate. Decreased performance, in turn, further aggravates stress (after all, for a Type A personality, a high pace of work is very important), and the vicious circle closes...
But there is a type of people who, like those classified as type A, tend to rush and be late, set themselves impossible tasks and complete an insignificant part of them. But unlike Type A people, they do not attach any importance to the part of the task that they could not or did not have time to complete. Moreover, they regard the small part of the task that they have completed as an “amazing success,” which inspires them to set new goals for themselves and further vigorous activity. People of this type are so confident in their success, and often in their outstanding qualities, that feelings of resentment, humiliation, and self-doubt are practically alien to them. They are less susceptible to distress.
The individual severity of unfavorable manifestations of stress largely depends on a person’s awareness of his responsibility for himself, for others, for everything that happens in extreme conditions, and on his psychological attitude towards one or another of his roles.
Then we can distinguish three types of a person’s attitude towards himself during stress: - The first type is a person’s attitude towards himself as a “victim” of an extreme situation, it increases distress. — The second type combines treating oneself as a “victim” with treating oneself as a “value” entrusted to oneself. This type is typical for experienced specialists working in extreme conditions, for high-class athletes, for maintaining self-esteem in critical conditions, for people of mature age. - The third type combines the first two types of attitudes towards oneself when comparing the manifestations of stress in oneself and in other people who are also exposed to extreme influences. The third type may be those responsible for the course of an extreme situation and those participating in it. At the same time, as a rule, responsibility for oneself increases, which reduces the importance of self-image as a “victim”, which increases distress. If a person’s responsibility is small, then the sight of the suffering of people around him or their panic actions can increase similar manifestations in him, then he reacts to stress according to the first type [1, p. 182-183].
Every difficulty that a person faces is stressful only if it is assessed negatively and there is no adequate strategy for overcoming it, i.e. when the demands of the situation exceed the person's response capabilities.
Negative consequences can also arise when such a situation becomes chronic. In this case, stress management measures are necessary. In practice, it is important to understand where the source of chronic imbalance lies - in external demands that are too high, or in personal capabilities that are too limited. This raises the question, what loads are normal and acceptable and what capabilities are required? The answer depends on the specific conditions of the situation: for example, the expectations for a worker on an assembly line are completely different than for a manager. Accordingly, the means by which it is necessary to work to reduce the possibility of stress also differ.
The causes of various ailments, including coronary artery disease, are studied not only by scientists from the world of medicine. Increasingly, this area is being connected with other areas, trying to find out whether the date of birth depends on what diseases a person may have in childhood or adulthood.
Psychological factors are no less important and with their help you can determine the degree of a person’s predisposition to a particular illness. Recently, scientists came to the conclusion that coronary heart disease can be caused not only by smoking, poor diet and a sedentary lifestyle, but also by a person’s character.
Psychological factors, first of all, include excessive emotionality. Psychologists and cardiologists in this case talk about type A behavior. Among the characteristics of this type:
The result of such processes is chronic emotional overstrain. The body is working hard.
The following situations invariably lead to myocardial infarction:
Tragic situations in life are inevitable, such is the cycle of life, but people can work on themselves and learn to resist stress and negative situations. Mental stress is inevitable, but it can be controlled and prevent an increase in the degree, which can lead to a vascular accident.
The main prevention, if not self-medication, can be called relaxation methods and techniques, with the help of which you can relieve accumulated tension in the nervous system. You need to learn to turn off the thought process to give your brain a rest. Sergei Danilov speaks well about this and even gives practical advice on how to achieve the state of Spas, a unique level of balance on the psychological level.
The second way is to change not the life circumstances themselves, but the attitude towards them. People themselves attach an emotional coloring to any event, sometimes overthinking themselves over trifles. Any troubles need to be dealt with immediately, without putting them off for a long time.
In life, you need to focus on the bright moments, even if they are few. Life is striped and there is only one. The calmer a person is emotionally, the further away from him a myocardial infarction will be.
What is type I diabetes mellitus? Type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus - IDDM) is a disease characterized by chronically elevated blood sugar levels. Type 1 diabetes mellitus develops as a result of insufficient secretion (release) of insulin by the pancreas.
IDDM typically affects children, adolescents, and young adults, but can begin at any age. The modern name of the disease - insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus - indicates the lifelong need of patients for insulin.
In type 1 diabetes, more than 90% of the pancreatic cells that secrete insulin are destroyed for one reason or another. The cause of destruction of pancreatic cells can be heredity, viruses, etc.
Causes of diabetes mellitus
— Viral infections that destroy pancreatic cells that produce insulin. Among the viral infections that can cause the development of diabetes are: rubella, viral mumps (mumps), chickenpox, viral hepatitis, etc. It must be emphasized that the viral infection manifests its effect in individuals with a hereditary predisposition to diabetes mellitus. Viral infection causes diabetes especially often in children and adolescents.
— Hereditary factor. As a rule, diabetes mellitus is several times more common in relatives of patients with diabetes mellitus. If both parents have diabetes, the risk of diabetes for their children throughout their entire lives is 100%; if one of the parents is sick – 50%; if a brother or sister has diabetes – 25%. Diabetes mellitus itself is not inherited, but only the predisposition to it. Regarding the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus, one important fact should be mentioned, namely: even if there is a hereditary predisposition, diabetes mellitus may not develop.
— Autoimmune diseases (attack of the body’s immune system on the body’s own tissues) – glomerulonephritis, autoimmune thyroiditis, hepatitis, lupus, etc. can also be complicated by diabetes mellitus. In this case, diabetes develops due to the destruction of pancreatic cells that produce insulin by cells of the immune system.
Causes of complications of diabetes mellitus
Diabetes has a complex course and sooner or later inevitably leads to the development of complications, but most often, it is an irresponsible attitude towards the treatment of diabetes that leads to the early development of complications of this disease. The cause of the occurrence and rapid development of complications of diabetes mellitus is a chronic increase in blood sugar.
As a rule, complications of diabetes develop unnoticed and at first do not affect people’s well-being. Those complications of the disease that have already manifested themselves are very difficult to cope with. As a rule, they have an unfavorable development. The more closely patients control their blood sugar levels, the less likely they are to develop diabetes complications.
Complications of type 1 diabetes
Due to high levels of glucose in the blood, small vessels are damaged, especially the eyes and kidneys. Therefore, people with diabetes have a high risk of developing blindness and kidney failure. Recent studies have shown that kidney damage can be prevented by the use of captopril (a drug commonly prescribed for high blood pressure), especially in patients with impaired kidney function. It is also possible that blood circulation in the extremities (feet) is impaired, which can lead to amputation.
Diabetes affects the nerves, causing numbness or pain, especially in the lower extremities.
Diabetes mellitus also increases the risk of high blood pressure and increases cholesterol levels, which explains the high incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke in these patients. Due to damage to nerves and blood vessels, men with diabetes develop impotence.
Women with diabetes have difficulty getting pregnant. If pregnancy occurs, the patient requires special medical supervision and careful self-control so that the child is born healthy.
If type 1 diabetes is not treated, it can be fatal.
How to find out your predisposition to diabetes?
1. You need to provide a saliva sample from the inside of your cheek.
2. Bring your biosamples to us for research or send them to us by mail.
3. Study period is 14 days.
We inherit mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from our mother. Therefore, mtDNA is a very convenient object for studying maternal relationships, human evolution, population migration, as well as for ethnicification.
Malignant tumors are the second most common cause of death in the world. Patients often turn to doctors in the later stages of the disease, when even surgical interventions no longer produce results. Therefore, doctors focus on the timely identification of inheritance factors, the so-called predisposition to cancer. Identifying risk factors and grouping patients into specific groups for detailed monitoring should play an important role in achieving greater success and effectiveness of treatment. These steps will allow us to find the tumor at the beginning of formation and help suppress the pathological process.
After a series of studies, scientists have identified factors that significantly increase the risk of developing cancer. These factors are divided into the following groups.
A separate and important factor from the point of view of medical research, which is currently receiving special attention, is hereditary predisposition.
Faced with cancer, many people begin to have the same question in their minds: can the disease be inherited or is there no reason to worry? You should not relax, since inherited predisposition plays a huge role in the development of diseases. Genes are structural sections with nucleic acids that functionally transmit the heredity of living organisms. The necessary information for the further development of the carrier is read from these sections. Some genes are responsible for internal organs, others take control of indicators such as hair color, eye color, and so on. In the structure of one cell there are more than thirty thousand genes that write the code for protein synthesis.
Genes are part of chromosomes. At conception, the gestating fetus receives half of the chromosome set from each parent. In addition to the “correct” genes, mutated ones may also be transmitted, which, in turn, will lead to distortion of genetic information and incorrect protein synthesis - all this can have a dangerous effect, especially if suppressor genes and oncogenes are subject to changes . Suppressors protect DNA from damage, oncogenes are responsible for cell division.
Mutant genes react completely unpredictably to the environment. This reaction often leads to the appearance of oncological formations.
Modern medicine does not question the existence of a predisposition to cancer. According to some data, 5-7% of cancer cases are caused by a genetic factor. Among doctors, there is even a term “cancer families” - families in which tumors were diagnosed in at least 40% of blood relatives. At the moment, geneticists know almost all the genes responsible for the development of carcinomas. Unfortunately, molecular genetics is an expensive branch of science, especially in terms of laboratory research, so it is not yet possible to use it widely. The main work of geneticists nowadays is the study of pedigrees. After analyzing them, it is extremely important to receive effective and clear recommendations from a specialist regarding the patient’s lifestyle, advice to help prevent the occurrence of formations. For different forms of cancer and taking into account the age of patients, the intervals between examinations to determine the correct advice can vary from more to less.
Based on the nature of inheritance, several cancer forms are distinguished:
The high incidence rate motivates oncologists to constantly develop methods for early diagnosis and effective treatment of cancer, including those arising due to genetic predisposition. When assessing the degree of inheritance of the risk of developing carcinoma, it is important to carefully consider the patient's family history.
The following features of the medical pedigree should be emphasized:
It is necessary to discuss the results of testing for family diseases with a genetic oncologist. The consultation will more accurately determine whether predisposition and risk testing is necessary.
Before conducting a genetic analysis, carefully compare the pros and cons of this procedure for yourself. On the one hand, the study can determine the risks of tumor development, on the other hand, it will make you fear without any real reason, as well as have an inadequate and “excessive” attitude towards health and suffer from cancer phobia.
The level of inherited predisposition is determined by molecular genetic research. It allows you to identify a number of mutations in oncogenes and suppressor genes that are responsible for an increased risk of oncological pathologies. If risks for cancer development are detected, continuous monitoring by oncology specialists who are able to diagnose the tumor at the earliest stage is recommended.
Genetic analysis for cancer is a modern method of diagnosing and preventing susceptibility to cancer. Are such studies reliable and is everything required to be completed? - questions that concern both scientists and potential patients. Considering that in Russia a genetic analysis, for example, for breast and ovarian cancer, will cost approximately 4,500 rubles, it becomes clear that many would like to first understand whether it is really worth introducing this research into personal and family articles expenses.
Genetic analysis that reveals cancer heredity can determine the risks of the following pathologies:
In this case, it is necessary to conduct a diagnosis and find out whether there are certain congenital syndromes that sometimes precede cancerous tumors of the respiratory or digestive system.
Scientists have found that changes in certain genes most often lead to cancer. Every day, cells with malignant characteristics spread in the human body, but our immunity, with the support of special genetic structures, copes with them.
If there are disturbances in the DNA structure, the work of “protective” genes is disrupted, thereby increasing the risk of cancer. Such “damages” in genes are inherited.
An example is the famous case of Angelina Jolie: a relative in the family was diagnosed with breast carcinoma, so the famous actress underwent genetic testing, and she, in turn, identified mutations in the genes. Alas, the only thing doctors could do in this case was to remove the breasts and ovaries, that is, they eliminated the organs in which the mutated genes progressed. However, do not forget that each case is individual and methods of prevention and treatment may differ significantly from the example described.
The dysfunction in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which, when functioning normally, prevent the appearance of breast and ovarian cancer, has been studied in more detail. But over time, doctors noticed that the time and money spent on genetic development did not significantly reduce the mortality rate among women. Therefore, it is not worth using genetic analysis as a screening diagnostic method for each individual person, but such an analysis is quite suitable for identifying risk groups.
Trusting the results obtained is an individual choice. If the result is negative, it is probably not necessary to urgently carry out preventive complete removal of the organ. However, if abnormalities in the genes are still detected, begin to carefully monitor your health and conduct periodic diagnostics.
It is difficult to determine the indicators for genetic diagnosis in percentage terms, since this requires analyzing a large number of cases with both positive and negative results. Nevertheless, we can already say with certainty that such an analysis is highly sensitive and its results should be relied upon.
The results obtained after testing will not answer the patient’s question 100% whether or not he will ever get cancer. It is difficult to draw conclusions based on a negative result: it only shows that the risk of developing cancer is not higher than the average statistical indicators of the population. But a positive answer provides more accurate and detailed information to both the doctor and the person being examined.
To ensure the accuracy of test results, do not forget about the rules for preparing for analysis.
Of course, no special plan is required, but it doesn’t hurt to follow generally accepted standards when donating blood:
Genetic testing has imprecise indications for testing a patient's specific age or general physical condition. Anyone can get tested, especially if taking the test will help not only gain some certainty, but also bring peace of mind.
However, there are several examples in which it is still worthwhile to undergo the examination:
Remember, the age of the person being examined has absolutely no meaning when taking the test. Gene disruption is programmed at birth. Thus, if at the age of 25 the results showed that the genes are in perfect order, then there is no point in undergoing the same test ten, fifteen, twenty years later.
The appearance of tumors, even with pronounced heredity, can be partially prevented.
You just need to follow simple rules:
Even if the possibility of cancer is 100% established, preventive methods are limited. Simple observation by an oncologist without a detailed examination, for example, cannot be regarded as effective prevention, but rather as a passive wait for the disease to appear. At the same time, drastic interventions such as preventive removal of mammary glands are not always justified and make sense.
Unfortunately, today, apart from observation by a doctor and testing, oncology does not provide reliable methods and means of prevention.
A potential patient can only take a few steps to protect themselves as much as possible:
The main thing to remember is that a predisposition to a disease is not the disease itself. Maintain a positive attitude, spend more time on your own health, and entrust your care to specialists in the field of oncology and genetics.