Many gouty patients are interested in whether it is necessary to remove their favorite lamb, herring and other meat and fish products from their diet. Gout is a disease caused by disruptions in metabolism (metabolism in the human body). Triggering factors that provoke metabolic problems and this disorder are associated with the abuse of red meat, certain types of fish and beer. Therefore, with this pathology, it is important to follow a dietary diet, limiting the consumption of foods that can aggravate the symptoms of the disease.
Meat and especially meat by-products are a storehouse of purine compounds, the excess of which triggers gout. Therefore, patients with gouty disorder need to exclude the following foods from their daily diet:
However, not all meat products are excluded from the diet of gouty patients. Lean white meats can be eaten for gout. These include:
Meat products are allowed to be consumed in an amount of 150 grams 2-3 times a week.
In addition, it is necessary to properly prepare meat dishes. The optimal cooking methods are boiling, stewing, steaming and baking. Fried meat and rich meat broths are also excluded from the diet. Steam cutlets made from chicken, turkey or combined low-fat minced meat are allowed. It is better to boil or bake chicken fillet (from the breast). But it is not recommended to eat young chicken or turkey.
Such products also contain a lot of purine bases, so it is recommended to significantly reduce the consumption of fish products. Fish is allowed to be consumed in larger quantities than meat: patients with gout are recommended to consume 170 grams of products three times a week. The optimal cooking method is boiling.
For gouty patients it is strictly prohibited:
Caviar is also excluded from the daily diet of gout patients. Fish pickles and fried foods are prohibited. Broths made with fish are removed from the gout menu. Seafood like shellfish is prohibited for gout patients. Before drawing up a dietary menu, you must consult with your doctor.
People with gout are recommended to eat low-fat fish varieties - pollock, cod. Some fatty types are also recommended to be included in the daily diet. Among them:
Despite the presence of substances harmful to a gouty patient in this fish, it is useful to consume it from time to time due to its high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. It is possible to include shrimp and squid in the diet for gout. In addition to proper consumption of meat and water, it is required to maintain a drinking regime, drinking 1.5-2 liters of water per day. You also need to eat small portions 5-6 times a day.
Many patients are concerned about what foods are allowed to eat during inflammatory processes in cartilage and joints. Fish for gout, chicken and other types of meat should be consumed with caution. Such strict adherence to the diet is due to the fact that many fish and meat dishes contain purines, which contribute to the progression of gout.
Patients with gout are required to strictly follow dietary rules, in which they are allowed to eat only certain types of fish and meat. If you do not follow this principle, the disease will worsen due to the accumulation of uric acid. For gout, meat and fish dishes are allowed, but not all and in limited quantities.
Before eating any fish dish, it is recommended to consult a doctor to avoid exacerbation of gout, and a minimum portion is allowed.
Not all fish can be eaten by patients with a chronic inflammatory reaction in the joints and cartilage tissues. During treatment, it is allowed to consume low-fat varieties in small quantities. It is also important to consider that fish products can be eaten no more than 3 times a week. In this case, they should be steamed or consumed boiled. Doctors recommend not only sea fish for gout, but also river fish, which contain no less useful substances. The patient is allowed the following types:
For gout, it is recommended to add low-fat varieties to the diet, which are taken in moderation. Even chicken breast should be consumed no more than 1-2 times a week. A patient with chronic joint damage should eat turkey and chicken. Rabbit, which contains small amounts of purines, is also allowed. It is important to understand that during an exacerbation of gout, chicken and other meat dishes are contraindicated until the unpleasant symptoms are relieved.
With gout, even minor consumption of prohibited fish or meat can provoke an exacerbation of the pathological process in the joints. If you are sick, it is not recommended to eat lamb, which contains large amounts of purines. If a patient has gout, pork, beef, and veal are excluded from the diet. Fatty beef, pork, and lamb broths are also contraindicated. Doctors strongly recommend refraining from adding the following by-products to your diet:
After eating caviar, mussels and canned fish, the patient's uric acid levels may increase, and gout may worsen. Mackerel, herring, salmon, sturgeon, eel, halibut, and catfish are also contraindicated. The table shows some prohibited meat and fish products and the content of purine bases in them:
You can eat herring and varieties of fish with medium fat content in small quantities during the remission stage. In this case, the product is steamed or boiled.
Even approved varieties of fish can be harmful to a gout patient if strict preparation guidelines are not followed. Once a week you can eat fish cutlets cooked in a double boiler. The patient is also allowed to eat boiled or stewed fish meatballs. During the preparation of fish soup, monitor the fat content of the broth, which should not be thick and contain salt. It is better to prepare fish soup from the following products:
You can use red fish for fish soup, choosing the dryest varieties that contain a minimum of purines and uric acid. You should cook fish dishes no more than 3 times a week, and the quantity should not exceed 170 grams. When preparing, stewing, boiling or steaming is used. Fish dishes are not salted, as it may worsen gout.
For patients with chronic joint problems, turkey or rabbit are best options. Also, to prepare the dish, use the lean part of the chicken, for example, in the breast area. The meat can be used to make meatballs, casseroles, or eat boiled without salt. When cooking, stewing, boiling, and steaming are used. Basic recipes for gout:
The patient can prepare steamed chicken meatballs for himself.
The diet for gout can be supplemented with other dishes, which are recommended to be discussed with your doctor. If, after eating a certain type of meat or fish, the disease worsens or negative symptoms appear, then exclude the product and consult a doctor. It is important to strictly follow a diet that will help you recover and avoid relapses of gout.
Is it possible to steam feet with gout? Many patients are interested in it. Not only do doctors not prohibit it, they, on the contrary, prescribe a thermal bath, as this helps flush out salts from the joints, improves circulation, and relieves inflammation and pain. However, you can warm your feet with gout only after eliminating the acute phase of the disease; during an exacerbation, doing this is extremely dangerous. If there are no contraindications, then it is better to prepare baths based on a decoction of chamomile, walnut leaves, string, thyme or sage.
The pathology that occurs as a result of metabolic disorders, when the level of uric acid salts increases significantly, is called gout. First of all, the joints of the feet are affected, and gouty arthritis develops. Medications and traditional medicine will help you cope with gout. A hot bath or direct foot baths are effective for this pathology.
Gout is usually diagnosed in people who exercise little. Serious eating disorders, injuries, taking diuretics and excessive stress on the joint increase the risk of developing gout. Direct provocateurs:
A gout attack begins mainly at night. Manifested by the following symptoms:
Cold is contraindicated for painful joints, so they need to be warm.
Warm water improves blood circulation.
To do this, it is recommended to warm your feet in warm water; you will also need to create comfortable conditions for your big toes. Therefore, when buying shoes, it is important to make sure that they do not squeeze your toes and that your feet are spacious and comfortable. The patient will need to refrain from going to the sauna if gout occurs in an acute form. But if the disease is in remission, then taking a hot bath is useful and completely safe. Under the influence of high temperatures, metabolism will improve and toxic substances will leave the body.
To achieve the most positive result, it is better to carry out warming procedures using natural remedies. Eucalyptus, oak and birch brooms show excellent results in the fight against gout. These components reduce painful symptoms and have a beneficial effect on the patient’s overall well-being. One of the highly effective remedies that are often used to treat gout is nettle. This plant can severely burn the skin, so it must be immediately heated in boiling water and then cooled in cold water.
Representatives of traditional medicine suggest using fern to combat gout. Before carrying out the procedure, you need to pour 10 liters of boiling water into about 2 kg of fern leaves and leave to infuse for an hour. It is important to maintain a hot water temperature by adding boiling water as it cools. The legs are soaked in the infusion for half an hour every day for 2 weeks. If gout is localized not only in the lower extremities, then you can take a bath with fern infusion.
Good results are obtained from baths made from black elderberry and juniper, the preparation scheme of which is described in the table:
Gout is an unpleasant chronic disease associated with impaired purine metabolism. Purine bases, due to improper metabolism, are converted into uric acid, which is deposited in the joints in the form of sodium urate. The disease is accompanied by attacks of pain, which can be triggered by prolonged walking, cooling, drinking alcohol and foods rich in purines. People suffering from gout are bothered by sharp pain in the joints at rest. The metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe, ankle and knee joints are most often affected. Without treatment and diet, attacks of pain become more frequent, and new joints become involved in the disease. Over the course of 3-5 years, a chronic form of the disease develops - gouty arthropathy.
For patients with gout, so-called fractional meals are recommended. Food should be taken 5-6 times a day, in small portions. During the day you need to drink 1.5-2 liters of liquid, and not black tea or coffee, but pure water, herbal infusions, juices and compotes.
Meals for gout patients should include fresh fruits and vegetables in the form of salads. You can eat boiled vegetables (preferably steamed, unsalted). The principles of therapeutic diet No. 6 are used in the nutrition of patients with gout. Its basic principles are: limiting animal proteins and salt, avoiding foods containing purines and oxalic acid, as well as herbs, spices, and strong alcoholic beverages. It is necessary to follow such a diet during an exacerbation of the disease for 2-3 months.
• meat soups, meat, chicken, mushroom and fish broths;
• canned food (any), smoked meats, marinades, pickles;
• offal: liver, kidneys, brains, tongue, lungs, heart, chicken gizzards, etc.;
• fried fatty meat, especially beef;
• fried fish, lard, sardines, sprats, caviar;
• mushrooms, legumes, lettuce, spinach, sorrel;
• some berries, such as raspberries and cranberries;
• hard and processed cheeses;
• dried fruits, baked goods, confectionery products;
• cauliflower, rhubarb, radish, eggplant, rutabaga.
It is undesirable to consume chocolate of any kind, coffee, cocoa. It is recommended to completely abstain from alcohol.
For gout, the menu should consist primarily of vegetables and fruits (see the list of permitted vegetables and fruits below), as well as dairy products, cereals and lean meats, poultry and fish.
• any soups made with water and vegetable broth;
• chicken breast, turkey fillet, rabbit, lean fish - all this is only boiled and no more than 3 times a week;
• dairy products and dishes based on them, for example, milk porridges and jelly;
• beets, carrots, potatoes, white cabbage, cucumbers, tomatoes, sweet peppers;
• apples, pears, plums, apricots, peaches, all citrus fruits and bananas;
• eggs - no more than 1 piece per day, can be in any form;
• fruit compotes and jelly;
• marshmallows, marmalade, marshmallows (all this is better homemade, made from natural ingredients);
• porridge: rice, buckwheat, wheat, oatmeal, millet.
• seafood (shrimp, squid).
Refractory fats (lard, lard, lamb fat) and confectionery fats are strictly prohibited. It is recommended to include vegetable oil, especially flaxseed, and melted butter in small quantities in the menu of gout patients.
An infusion of lingonberry leaves can be an excellent drink and at the same time a remedy for gout. You can buy dried lingonberry leaves at a pharmacy, and if you’re lucky, you can find crushed leaves in filter bags. An ordinary leaf is brewed in the proportion of 1 tablespoon of dry leaves per glass of boiling water, left for an hour and taken 1-2 tablespoons throughout the day.
What is gout? This is what is called metabolic disease. Its cause is the deposition of uric acid salts in the joints.
All joints are susceptible to gout - from the joints of the hands to the joints of the toes.
It is very important to follow a diet for gout, as this will allow you to prolong the period of remission, prevent exacerbations, and maintain good health.
For gout, you need to follow diet No. 6 to normalize purine metabolism, reduce the formation of uric acid and its salts in the body, and alkalize urine.
First of all, you need to follow the correct diet. We eat four times a day, but in small portions.
Patients with gout are usually overweight, and they need to fight it! But, sharply losing weight is prohibited!
If you have gout, you need to drink a lot - at least one and a half liters, during an exacerbation - three liters. You can drink mineral water, compote, fruit juice, weak tea, rosehip decoction. Drinking is allowed between meals.
meat broth, fish broth, mushroom broth,
meat of young animals,
offal (liver, kidneys, lung),
salted fish, fried fish, canned fish, caviar, fatty fish.
beans (lentils, peas, beans, beans, soybeans),
spices (pepper, horseradish, mustard).
Alcoholic drinks, beer.
strong black tea, coffee, cocoa.
cakes and pastries with cream,
salty and spicy cheese.
Allowed foods for gout:
It is best to follow a vegetarian diet.
Chicken meat, turkey meat, rabbit meat.
dishes made from low-fat cottage cheese,
cereals Porridge is boiled in diluted milk.
Vegetables: white cabbage, carrots, potatoes, cucumber, zucchini, eggplant. Limit: cauliflower, asparagus, spinach, rhubarb, celery, peppers, radishes, herbs, green onions, parsley.
Sweets: candies without chocolate, jam, marmalade, marshmallows, marshmallows.
Fruits: apple, plum, pear, apricot, orange, all types of berries,
green tea, black tea with lemon, black tea with milk, chicory, rose hip decoction, wheat bran decoction, fruit juices, berry juices, vegetable juices, lingonberry juice, cranberry juice, kvass, various compotes, cucumber juice (reduces body purina) - a glass daily, alkaline, low-mineralized mineral water.
Wheat bread, black bread.
Olive oil, flaxseed oil, butter.
If you have gout, you need to limit the amount of salt in your food.
In case of exacerbation of gout, the following foods are limited or completely excluded: meat, fish.
Every other day you need to do fasting days. Options for fasting days: fruit and vegetable (we eat one and a half kilograms of permitted vegetables and fruits per day), cottage cheese and kefir (we eat four hundred grams of low-fat cottage cheese per day and drink 0.5 liters of low-fat kefir), milk day (we drink up to two liters of milk per day ), kefir day (we drink up to two liters of low-fat kefir per day).
Carrying out fasting days helps to alkalinize the urine and increases the solubility of uric acid.
Outside the period of exacerbation, you can eat boiled meat and boiled fish (three times a week). From boiled meat and boiled fish you can make steam cutlets, steam meatballs, steam soufflé, or bake them. You can eat boiled vegetables and potatoes.
Suggests following the following rules:
- it is necessary to remove from the diet foods that contain large amounts of purines, oxalic acid,
- limit the amount of salt in the diet,
in the diet we increase the amount of alkalizing foods (dairy products, vegetables, fruits)
You need to increase the amount of free fluid in the diet (if there are no contraindications from the cardiovascular system).
— in the diet you need to reduce the amount of proteins and refractory fats; if you are obese, limit the amount of carbohydrates.
Culinary processing of food remains common.
We definitely cook meat, poultry, and fish.
Allowed and prohibited foods for gout:
borscht, cabbage soup, vegetable soup, potato soup, soup with cereals, okroshka, beetroot soup, milk soup, fruit soup.
Wheat bread, rye bread, baked goods with bran.
Lean meat, lean fish, poultry. Three times a week you can eat 150 grams of boiled meat or fish. You can stew the meat, bake it, fry it after boiling, or make cutlets.
Milk, sour milk, low-fat cottage cheese, low-fat sour cream, low-fat cheese.
One chicken egg.
Vegetables, appetizers, fresh vegetable salad, fruit salad, vinaigrette, vegetable caviar, squash caviar, eggplant caviar.
Fruits and berries, dried fruits,
Sweets: Milk creams and jelly. Marmalade, marshmallows, non-chocolate candies, jam, honey, meringues.
Sauce prepared with vegetable broth, tomato sauce, sour cream sauce, milk sauce.
Spices: citric acid, vanillin, cinnamon, bay leaf, dill, parsley.
Allowed drinks: black tea with lemon, black tea with milk, weak coffee with milk, fruit juice, berry juice, vegetable juice, various fruit drinks, kvass, rosehip infusion, wheat bran infusion, dried fruit compote.
Butter, cow's ghee, vegetable oil.
meat broth, fish broth, mushroom broth, soup with sorrel, soup with spinach, soup with legumes.
liver, kidneys, tongue, brain, meat of young animals, meat of young birds, sausage, smoked, canned meat,
salted fish, canned fish, caviar, smoked fish,
legumes, mushrooms, spinach, sorrel, rhubarb, cauliflower, purslane;
figs, raspberries, cranberries.
Sauces prepared with meat broth, fish broth, mushroom broth, pepper, mustard, horseradish.
cocoa, strong black tea, strong coffee.
Beef fat, lamb fat, cooking fat.
Limit consumption of: pork fat, pastry products, salted vegetables, pickled vegetables.
An example of a diet for one day of diet No. 6 for gout:
1st breakfast: vegetable salad with vegetable oil, soft-boiled egg, carrot pudding with apples, millet, black tea.
2nd breakfast: rosehip decoction.
We have lunch: milk soup, potato cutlets, jelly.
Snack: a couple of apples.
We have dinner: cheesecakes, cabbage rolls with vegetables and rice, a glass of black tea.
Gout is a chronic disease caused by a disorder of protein metabolism. Occurs when there is an increased level of uric acid in the patient’s body. Accompanied by the deposition of urate salts in tissues, especially in joints. The disease is based on increased production of purines and their insufficient excretion in the urine. Gout affects 3% to 5% of the population.
A chronic disease requires long-term treatment with various means, among which proper nutrition for gout plays an important role. Violation of the diet leads to exacerbation of the disease and deterioration of well-being. The disease occurs:
Gout promotes the deposition of salts, causing inflammation of the joints and surrounding tissues
The majority of people with gout are overweight. Therefore, proper nutrition serves the following purposes:
In the hospital, patients with gout are prescribed table No. 6. At home, you have to follow a diet constantly. Disruptions in nutrition are fraught with exacerbations. To normalize purine metabolism, it is recommended to exclude protein and some other foods from the menu.
What not to eat if you have gout:
These foods make gout worse
For gout, many plant foods are not recommended - radishes, radishes, turnips, asparagus, spinach, sorrel, raspberries, grapes. As well as red and cauliflower, eggplant, fresh beets, tomatoes, rhubarb, and figs.
Outside of an exacerbation, it is allowed to consume limited quantities (150 g) of lean poultry and fish no more than three times a week. Dishes are prepared in this way: first boiled, then stewed or baked.
If gout is combined with obesity, diet No. 8 is prescribed for weight loss, according to which food should be low-calorie and consist of:
Animal fats are replaced with vegetable ones. The consumption of carbohydrates - sugar, sweets, baked goods - is reduced. The amount of fiber in the diet increases. There is a lot of it in white cabbage, bran, vegetable and fruit purees or juices with pulp. It is advisable to periodically arrange fasting days. But, despite the restrictions, nutrition must remain balanced, that is, the body must receive:
The food restrictions recommended for gout remain unchanged, with the difference that normal or high-fat dairy products are replaced with low-calorie ones. Fat cottage cheese is replaced with skinny cottage cheese, they drink skim milk, sour cream – 10% fat.
Products such as salted and pickled mushrooms, roots, and pastry products are strictly limited and consumed in small quantities. Honey is also eaten with caution.
In case of exacerbation, alkalizing drinks and short-term fasting are recommended after consultation with a doctor. The consumption of meat dishes, extractive broths, fish products, mushrooms, legumes, smoked meats and pickles is sharply limited or completely eliminated.
You can use onion soup as a folk remedy. Per liter of water you will need only 2-3 medium onions with peel. According to the recipe, the onion is cut into two parts, poured with water and cooked until completely boiled. Then filter and drink three times a day before meals. The course is two weeks. This is followed by a month's break and repetition of treatment.
Patients with gout are advised to drink a lot of water, two or more liters per day. What water is best to drink? Instead of regular tap or well water, it is better to use alkaline (bicarbonate) water from natural healing sources with a pH of 7.2 to 8.5 or more. Alkaline mineral waters include:
Borjomi is one of the most famous alkaline mineral waters
Alkaline water is sold in pharmacy chains. But not all patients have the opportunity to regularly purchase bicarbonate water. You can use a weak solution of baking soda (a third of a teaspoon per glass of warm water). Fasting days and periodic short-term fasting are useful to cleanse the body.
You can fast on your own for no more than 1-3 days, drinking at least 2.5 liters of water. You need to get out of this state gradually, starting with juices, light salads, and fruits. Gradually the range of dishes is expanding. In the future, you can eat everything that is allowed for gout:
Dairy products are the basis of nutrition for gout
It is advisable to eat regularly – 4-5 times a day. At one time they eat as much as can fit in their hands. For medicinal purposes, drink alkaline water without gas 15 - 30 minutes before meals.
One of the most favorable fasting days is cucumber or watermelon days. Fresh cucumber contains up to 96% water and has low calorie content - only 10 - 15 kcal. You will need 1 - 1.5 kg of cucumbers. This amount is divided into 5–6 servings and eaten throughout the day. Do the same with watermelon.
The daily menu is compiled taking into account the doctor’s recommendations. On the one hand, therapeutic nutrition for gout should be varied and include a complex of nutrients necessary for the body. On the other hand, it is necessary to exclude foods containing purine bases. A compromise can still be found. An example of a 3-day menu is offered, consisting of breakfast, lunch, dinner. Each meal includes a choice of three dishes and three drinks.
Salads are sources of natural vitamins
The daily diet is supplemented with an afternoon snack consisting of 150 g of fruit, a glass of milk or baked goods with bran. Before going to bed, it is useful to drink liquids - kefir, yogurt, fermented baked milk, juices, coriander tea, rose hips. Dishes for gout belong to the group that are chemically gentle and regulate the metabolism of uric acid, the final breakdown product of purine bases.
Diet increases the effectiveness of treatment and has a positive effect on metabolic processes. It is intended to prevent exacerbations and complications of the disease. Ultimately, it helps maintain health.
To prevent recurrent attacks, it is recommended to consume only approved foods for gout. Nutrition is supplemented with exercise and medication. Most often, it is an unhealthy diet with a predominance of meat and beer that is the trigger for impaired purine metabolism and the deposition of uric acid crystals in the joints and kidneys. A balanced diet prevents the development of repeated attacks.
Nutrition for gout should be prepared taking into account the following recommendations:
Table of foods you can eat for gout:
List of foods that you should absolutely not eat if you have gout on your legs:
Under no circumstances should a patient eat pickled cucumbers.
If you have gout, you can drink plenty of water. It is recommended to drink weak herbal teas, bran infusion, unsweetened fruit and vegetable juices, compotes, fruit drinks and jelly. Excess uric acid metabolism is eliminated faster by drinking fresh cucumber juice daily in the morning up to 200 ml, alkaline waters with a low degree of mineralization. Whole milk or low-fat milk products help reduce the concentration of purine compounds. Caffeine in small quantities also reduces uric acid levels. It is recommended to drink at least 2 liters per day.
Contraindications for gout for large amounts of fluid include pathologies of the heart, kidneys and blood vessels.
The diet for gout recommends limiting the amount of animal proteins. Boiled sausage, frankfurters, and canned food are strictly prohibited. Healthy foods include pumpkin seeds, various nuts and soft cheese. Sunflower seeds can be consumed as a dessert - patients with gouty arthritis can eat halva. Sesame is used as food in salads, desserts and dressings.
Corn is considered difficult to digest and is limited in the diet. Nicotinic acid slows down the excretion of uric acid metabolic products, and glutamic acid serves as a source of ammonia, which is toxic to the kidneys. White cabbage normalizes the gastrointestinal tract and energy metabolism. Broccoli and cauliflower protect against infections and kidney stones. Pickled vegetables are prohibited due to their high salt concentration.
Foods are rich in potassium and have a diuretic effect, which can cause an increase in urate concentrations. Baked potatoes and pumpkin for gout change the pH of the blood plasma to the alkaline side and neutralize the effect of acids, including uric acid. Vegetables are high in calories and are recommended as a side dish for lunch.
The trace elements contained in garlic help reduce uric acid levels.
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Zucchini is allowed for gout. They are low in calories but high in nutrients. The pulp, seeds and inflorescences are consumed. Squash caviar stimulates the elimination of oxalates and urates, which prevents the formation of kidney stones. Enriching the diet with eggplants can provoke a painful attack due to nicotinic acid, which increases the concentration of uric acid salts.
To prevent urolithiasis, it is useful to eat squash caviar.
In addition to those listed, you can eat other vegetable crops, and some are strictly prohibited:
Beets are very useful for this disease.
Berry fruits are useful:
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Useful foods for gout: citrus fruits, pineapples, pears, green apples, maclura, persimmons, dried fruits, pears and melon. Thanks to its high bromelain content, pineapple reduces weight and stress on joints. The diet during gout is supplemented with lingonberries and drinks made from them. A good breakfast option for gout is fruit salads, for example, avocado, low-fat cottage cheese with berries. Natural fruit ice cream is allowed.
Fruits such as figs, grapes and raisins, and raspberries should be excluded from food for gout. Among dried fruits, dried apricots and dates are considered the most saturated with uric acid and urates. Their use is prohibited, the level of purine bases increases, breakdown products accumulate and settle in the cavity of the joints, between the fibers of the tendons, as well as in the internal organs, especially the kidneys. Plums in large quantities in case of gout promote fluid removal and concentrate urine and plasma, so they must be excluded from the diet. The urate content increases, salts are deposited in the kidneys and joints. Plum causes appetite and weight gain.