Often with varicose veins, dilation of the veins is accompanied by acute or chronic inflammatory processes. Inflammation of the vascular walls is called “phlebitis”. What symptoms indicate the development of a complication, and what methods can be used to treat it?
The causes of pathology include the entry of infectious pathogens into the blood, injury to the walls of blood vessels, and exposure to aggressive medications. Sometimes phlebitis is a consequence of inflammation of the tissues adjacent to the veins.
Treatment should begin immediately after the first symptoms of the disease appear. This will help prevent the formation of blood clots and the development of thrombophlebitis, which is known for its life-threatening complications.
Symptoms of phlebitis may vary depending on the location of the disease.
Treatment of phlebitis must begin with the elimination of acute symptoms. First of all, it is necessary to relieve severe pain that accompanies inflammation of the vascular walls. What needs to be done for this?
Compresses using alcohol (diluted to 40-45%) help relieve acute pain. To improve blood circulation, you can apply any warm compresses.
The standard conservative therapy regimen includes:
After preliminary consultation with a doctor, you can supplement the course with folk remedies:
One of the complications of varicose veins on the legs is phlebitis - inflammation of the venous walls, resulting from the penetration of microbes/pathogenic organisms and leading to the destruction of blood vessels. It threatens the development of thrombophlebitis, which is dangerous due to blockage of blood vessels due to the detachment of a blood clot in the inflamed vein. In medicine, phlebitis of the lower extremities is distinguished, the symptoms and treatment of which will be discussed in this article.
Vessels in the body perform a vital function - they connect all organs with the heart. Their damage leads to the occurrence of an inflammatory process. With phlebitis of the lower extremities, the venous walls become inflamed, leading to a deterioration in blood flow, and in a complicated course, to an abscess or the formation of blood clots. There are many reasons that provoke pathology of vascular walls, but among the most common are varicose veins, infections (usually streptococcal/staphylococcal), and inflammation of the vein due to injection.
Based on the type of damage to the vessel wall, phlebitis of the lower extremities is divided into the following types:
Acute and chronic forms of phlebitis of the lower extremities are diagnosed.
If inflammation of the veins in the legs is not treated in a timely manner, the symptoms will intensify: swelling, hyperemia will increase, the skin will become bluish, until it acquires a dark brown (even black) tint.
To prevent complications of venous inflammation, you should be attentive to your health and seek qualified help from a medical institution.
If the doctor has confirmed the diagnosis of phlebitis, you must strictly adhere to the prescribed therapeutic course. You cannot self-medicate venous inflammation. Phlebitis threatens with serious consequences - disability, and in the aggravated stage - death of the patient.
The doctor, having established the cause of the development of inflammation of the venous walls, will prescribe an individual treatment plan based on the severity of the disease.
The following medications are used:
Please note that medications, their combinations, dosage and duration of treatment should only be prescribed by a doctor personally for each patient.
If treatment of venous inflammation is started in time, it is possible to do without surgical intervention. However, if this procedure could not be avoided and the operation was performed, do not think that vascular inflammation has been defeated forever. If you neglect the recommendations of doctors, do not take care of your legs and are negligent about your own health, the cured disease of the venous wall will return and flourish with renewed vigor.
Horse chestnut is extremely popular in the fight against inflammation of the veins in the legs. Take advantage of effective recipes based on this plant:
There are many other equally useful recipes:
In addition, for phlebitis of the lower extremities, the symptoms and treatment of which we discussed, it is necessary to use an elastic bandage and compression stockings/tights. Physiotherapy is effective for venous inflammation, for example, methods such as drainage and pressotherapy.
Don't forget about moderate physical activity and proper nutrition. The main thing is not to neglect the recommendations of specialists. This will help not only to cure acute venous inflammation, but to avoid its subsequent development.
One of the most common manifestations of varicose veins of the lower extremities is the formation of bruises or hematomas due to the fact that a vein in the leg has burst. The severity of this symptom depends on the size of the vessel and the rate of blood clotting. Even if a vein that has burst in the leg does not cause any complaints other than an unaesthetic appearance, you should not ignore it and it is advisable to contact a specialist who will tell you what to do and prescribe the appropriate treatment.
In a healthy person, the likelihood of a vessel rupture, even after physical impact from the outside, is extremely low due to the high elasticity of its wall. Veins in the legs can often burst with varicose veins, especially in the presence of precipitating factors.
Veins in the legs can burst for the following reasons:
In addition, excess weight, pregnancy and heredity affect the development of pathology. If a vein in the leg bursts under the influence of a provoking factor, then this process is called traumatic, and if it happened on its own, then spontaneous.
Depending on the size of the burst vein and its location, internal or external bleeding may occur, the size of which will determine not only the condition of the victim, but also the treatment. With external bleeding, blood enters nearby tissues, causing a hematoma. In this case, a bursting vessel may not initially cause pain. It usually develops somewhat later when the hematoma is quite large. The blood that enters the tissue from a burst vein is always dark, so the bruises, as shown in the photo, have a bluish or purple color.
Rupture of the vein wall may recur, and the size of the hematoma increases significantly. If veins of small diameter burst on the leg, a vascular pattern appears in the form of a tree or a star. In this case, there may be no symptoms, so often this manifestation of impaired vessel elasticity is not paid attention to. However, if the above manifestations are present, you need to consult a specialist and identify the cause of the disease with subsequent treatment.
When a vein ruptures, internal or external bleeding may occur.
If a large vessel has burst, the symptoms of this condition will be much more noticeable. Burst vessels in the legs can cause external bleeding and then the following manifestations will be observed:
The occurrence of internal bleeding can be suspected by the following symptoms: a drop in blood pressure, the formation of a large hematoma, a feeling of fear (PA), loss of consciousness.
If a vessel in your leg bursts and severe bleeding occurs, first aid can be provided before the ambulance arrives. First, you need to lay the victim on his back and try to avoid passive and active movements of the limb. It is recommended to apply a cold compress to the affected area for a quarter of an hour; frozen foods are allowed for this purpose.
In addition, you can make an improvised pressure bandage. To do this, apply a napkin or fabric folded several times over the wound and secure it tightly to the leg with a belt or scarf. You can apply a tourniquet at a distance of 10 cm from the site of the vein rupture, but for no more than half an hour. After this, it is advisable to raise the leg above the shoulder girdle.
Timely first aid and treatment will help reduce the number of complications and make further treatment more effective.
To prevent infection, septicopyemia or thrombophlebitis, the use of antibiotics is recommended.
Treatment for a burst vein in the leg depends on the severity of the bleeding and the patient’s condition. If the amount of blood loss is significant, then intravenous infusion of colloid and crystalloid solutions is performed. For severe pain, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed. In order to prevent infection of the hematoma, the occurrence of septicopyemia or thrombophlebitis, treatment with antibiotics is carried out.
If the patient’s condition allows for surgical treatment, then the vessel is sutured and varicose veins in the legs are removed.
Thus, a burst vein in the leg can be a symptom of a serious illness and lead to bleeding. In this regard, if the above symptoms appear, you should definitely consult a doctor in order to identify the cause and begin timely treatment.
The pulsation of a vein in the leg is a subjective sensation of a person, in fact, it is not necessarily related to the veins.
Let's figure out what it could be - benign fasciculations of muscle fibers, diseases of the spine, or, indeed, pathologies associated with phlebology.
Moreover, the veins in the legs cannot pulsate - only the arteries are subject to pulsation. However, in any case, if it seems that the vein in the leg is pulsating, you should go to see a therapist, phlebologist or neurologist.
Let's look at a situation where a person feels short-term pain in his legs, believing that a vein in his leg is pulsating. Throbbing pain can cause discomfort day and night.
A person feels pain coming from one point and spreading throughout the leg. The source of pain can be very small - an area of the leg no larger than 2 centimeters.
Let's look at the most common causes of this condition:
Any of the above reasons can provoke pulsating sensations in the legs, including painful ones. Many people, experiencing disturbing but strong sensations, put off visiting a doctor. This cannot be done.
Some problems associated with venous pathologies can lead to a direct threat to life - for example, increased thrombus formation.
To more accurately establish a diagnosis, you should definitely consult a doctor and undergo examinations using modern equipment: ultrasound, CT, MRI. After finding out the causes of this condition, the doctor will prescribe treatment.
Sometimes people mistake fasciculations for venous pulsation: a sharp contraction of motor muscles. Fasciculations can be noticed due to active muscle movement, which can actually be mistaken for the pulsation of a vein.
Fasciculations do not carry any serious significance. They are most often found on the face (as an example - a nervous tic), however, they can also be found on the legs in the shin area.
Muscle contractions usually appear and disappear imperceptibly and with such symptoms you should consult a doctor only if the patient begins to experience muscle weakness and changes in reflexes.
Benign fasciculations can last from one minute to several years. If long-term manifestations are observed, they usually occur at a certain frequency: for example, 3-4 times a day.
To find out whether fasciculations are a symptom of any neurological abnormality, you need to contact a neurologist who will help identify the disease and prescribe treatment.
Why is this happening? The cause of benign muscle contractions can be a lack of magnesium, frequent stress, increased physical activity (especially in poorly trained people), hypothermia, swimming in ponds after a bath, and excessive consumption of strong drinks.
Varicose veins are more common in women. The disease is rapidly getting younger: today it is often diagnosed by the age of 28-30. The disease develops with a sedentary lifestyle, sedentary office work, constant stress and poor nutrition.
Pulsating veins in the legs is one of the many symptoms that may indicate its presence. Pain and heaviness in the legs, stars, bulging veins - all these are reasons to see a phlebologist.
With varicose veins, very often there are some unpleasant sensations in the legs, reaching the point of pronounced pain. The pain usually begins with a low degree of severity, and as the disease progresses it gets worse and can begin to cause a lot of inconvenience.
There is also an inverse relationship: if the legs hurt (not the joints), then in 80% of cases it is varicose veins. The following types of discomfort in the legs with varicose veins are distinguished:
Usually, when treating varicose veins using conventional methods, pain and discomfort decrease. Pain will decrease:
Sometimes there are pulsating sensations in the area of the lower leg or thigh, which are transmitted from the femoral artery to the tense muscles. To find out why this happens and to rule out pathology, you should ask your doctor for a referral for an ultrasound scan of the vessels of the lower extremities.
The most common cause of arterial disease is smoking. Smoking is the main factor in the pathogenesis of occlusive processes: nicotine causes a narrowing of the arteries. When examining a patient with complaints of pain in the legs, the doctor must ask how long the patient has been smoking and how many packs a day he smokes. Any treatment for arterial disease begins with quitting smoking.
Arterial diseases also present with all sorts of pain and discomfort. Diseases of the arteries of the lower extremities are especially common.
If the arteries narrow as a result of the disease, all surrounding tissues begin to experience oxygen starvation. The leg muscles begin to atrophy, which leads to the development of gangrene. What arterial diseases at the initial stage can lead to increased pulsation:
The pain begins in the calf muscles, and then can occur in any place: in the muscles of the thighs, lower back, feet, fingers. Due to atherosclerotic lesions, the artery becomes clogged, blood stops moving through it, and the blood supply to the limb is disrupted. Often the disease is a companion to diabetes mellitus.
Causes the proliferation of cells in the inner and middle layer of arteries or veins, after which a narrowing of their lumen develops. Then, blood clots can form in the lumen of the vessels, preventing the movement of blood through the vessels.
The disease occurs mainly in young (under 40 years of age) men who smoke and in 20% of women. It is believed that the disease is caused by an altered response of the body to nicotine.
Prolonged hypothermia, including frozen feet in winter, and stress contribute to the development of the disease.
To diagnose arterial diseases, research methods such as ultrasound duplex angioscanning of arteries and angiography are used. Diseases are treated by quitting smoking, monitoring cholesterol levels, and vascular medications.
All patients undergo an ECG and are given a consultation with a cardiologist to identify risk factors: hypertension, atrial fibrillation.
What to do if a vessel, vein, artery is pulsating or if you feel throbbing pain and soreness? Ask your doctor for a referral to:
All these are non-invasive technologies, completely safe and painless for patients. Separately, we can mention such a modern informative method of studying blood vessels as MRI - tomography of the blood vessels of the legs, with which you can:
MRI is performed with the introduction of contrast. What to choose - MRI or duplex angioscanning - is decided by the doctor, based on the collected medical history.
Vein contusion is not considered a rare occurrence. The injury is characterized by swelling of a certain area of the vessel, pain and other symptoms. The causes are mechanical impact, resulting in inflammation of the vein walls.
A vein bruise is manifested by swelling of the vessel, which is visible to the naked eye. The injury is also accompanied by the following symptoms:
Against the background of a bruise, when a vein is swollen, blockage of blood vessels may occur. As a result, the skin becomes cool and acquires a bluish tint.
The pain can be of different types. With minor injury, it is not strong and permanent. But with significant damage to the vessel walls, throbbing pain occurs. Over time, the following symptoms may also occur:
If you bruise a vein in your arm or leg, you need to consult a phlebologist. The specialist treats diseases associated with vascular inflammation. Diagnosis is based on symptoms. Instrumental diagnostic methods are also used. These include:
Based on the results obtained, this specialist determines the treatment regimen and the need to use various methods of physiotherapy.
If you bruise a vein in your leg or arm, the first thing you should do is apply cold to the injury site. This could be an ice pack or a hot water bottle. This will help prevent bruising and reduce inflammation.
The injured limb should then be immobilized. To do this, you can use an elastic bandage or bandage. In this case, bandaging is used for no more than three days. The bandage should be tight at first. After an hour, it should be loosened a little so as not to disrupt blood circulation.
Also, after a bruise and application of cold, the injured area can be massaged. Massage helps restore impaired blood circulation and reduce pain. If the pain persists for several days or gets worse, you should consult a doctor.
But if your hand is swollen, but there are no bruises, the first thing to do after a bruise is to immediately consult a specialist. Delayed medical attention can cause serious complications.
After a bruised vein in an arm or leg, treatment is carried out using medications from various groups. Most often prescribed:
When there is a mechanical effect on the vessels, it is also necessary to apply bandages made of an elastic bandage to strengthen them. They help strengthen the walls of blood vessels and prevent the spread of the pathological process.
In severe cases, when a vein bruise causes the development of panphlebitis, topical medications are prescribed. In the presence of an inflammatory process, the use of “Heparin” ointment is indicated. It helps relieve inflammation and helps normalize blood density.
You can treat an injury in a child or adult at home. But if you experience severe pain and severe swelling, you should immediately consult a doctor.
A vein bruise most often does not cause complications. With proper medical care, swelling, swelling and pain disappear within a few days. But in some cases, the help of a specialist is required, since vascular injury can cause disruption of blood circulation to various organs. Including the brain.
The main cause of inflammation is considered to be varicose veins. With varicose veins, blood flow is disrupted, and there is a high probability of blood clots forming and blocking the vascular lumens. As a result of constant excess pressure and deformation, the venous walls become inflamed.
The following factors can increase the likelihood of developing the disease:
Symptoms of the pathology may differ slightly depending on in which veins (superficial or deep) phlebitis develops.
With the development of superficial inflammation, the symptoms are somewhat similar to the clinical picture of varicose veins:
When deep veins are affected by phlebitis, the body temperature rises sharply, swelling in the area of development of the inflammatory process increases, the skin turns pale and becomes almost white.
The patient is recommended to rest and use the following medications:
After it is possible to relieve acute inflammation in varicose veins, the doctor prescribes treatment depending on the causes of the pathology and the degree of vascular damage. In most cases, you can manage with the use of medications and physiotherapeutic procedures. Complex treatment can be supplemented with suitable folk remedies.
Depending on the characteristics of the disease, treatment can be adjusted.
If treatment with folk remedies does not produce results within 5-7 days, you should consult a doctor for additional advice.
In especially advanced cases, when there is a large deformation of the veins and there is a risk of developing life-threatening complications, it is recommended to treat the disease through surgery. In this case, the method of ligation of damaged vessels, their dissection or complete removal can be used.
Not only treatment, but also lifestyle correction helps to speed up recovery, eliminate symptoms of the disease and prevent relapses.
For phlebitis and varicose veins, you must adhere to the following basic rules:
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Several forms of this disease are known:
Symptoms are characteristic of various pathological processes:
The most common and one of the most dangerous forms of this disease can be thrombophlebitis - a severe inflammatory process that affects the walls and vessels of the vein, with the formation of thrombi (blood clots). Most often, thrombophlebitis begins to develop with existing varicose veins on the leg, and mainly affects the lower extremities. Its danger lies in the fact that blood clots do not always dissolve; most often they clog blood vessels, and thus there is a disturbance in the blood circulation process.
At any moment, a blood clot can break away from the vein wall and enter any other blood vessels of the human body through the blood flow. Symptoms of the disease, both with phlebitis and with thrombophlebitis, depend on where the disease is localized and blood clots form - this can be sharp pain in the calf muscles, especially when they are squeezed, redness and swelling. The veins become inflamed: they feel swollen, hard, and cause pain. Often the patient experiences some other symptoms: fever, general weakness, malaise, and swelling in the eye area.
The causes of phlebitis are quite varied. To facilitate diagnosis and prescribe the correct treatment, you can use a systematic list:
With proper diagnosis, complex therapeutic measures are used in the treatment of phlebitis - medication methods in combination with physiotherapy, adherence to a certain lifestyle and preventive measures.
Thrombophlebitis of the veins of the lower extremities requires complex and conservative treatment. For infectious phlebitis, the patient is prescribed anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics; when applied topically, ointments containing troxevasin and heparin provide effective assistance; sometimes for phlebitis of veins located on the surface, anesthesia is used, and drugs that improve blood microcirculation are also used.
In the complex treatment of phlebitis, special attention is paid to physiotherapeutic procedures and preventive measures.
Due to the occurrence of complications or relapses of a disease such as phlebitis, increased thrombosis, the patient is prescribed surgical treatment in a special hospital and taking medications that thin the blood and destroy the formed blood clots. Hirudotherapy sessions (treatment with medicinal leeches) are effective, as they help destroy blood clots and improve blood circulation in the patient’s body. A set of preventive measures:
Self-medication for such a disease is unacceptable. All appointments must be made by a specialist, taking into account the examination data and the severity of the pathology.
Human veins are tubular formations consisting of three layers of muscle tissue - internal, middle and external.
In medical practice, the name panphlebitis is more often used to diagnose multiple damage to the vein, indicating which layer of the vascular walls is inflamed.
Based on the location of damaged vessels, the following types of vascular inflammation are distinguished:
These types of venous inflammation, localized on the extremities, are the most common. In 90% of cases, phlebitis of the superficial veins is diagnosed.
Inflammation of the veins in the legs occurs with features characteristic of any inflammatory process.
The acute form of phlebitis of the superficial veins is characterized by the following symptoms:
Also, in some cases, there is itching, swelling of the extremities, difficulty walking, and less often, convulsions occur. The patient feels the affected veins under the skin, which, as they harden, become like a rope.
Feelings of phlebitis worsen in the morning, after a night's rest.
The chronic form of phlebitis of the lower extremities, all symptoms of which are smoothed out and do not appear clearly, occurs with periodic exacerbations.
The following signs are characteristic of deep vein inflammation:
This type of inflammation of the vascular walls is dangerous due to the formation of blood clots and, accordingly, the transition to a complicated stage - thrombophlebitis.
If the above symptoms of phlebitis are detected, you must make an appointment with a specialist – a phlebologist – as soon as possible.
Superficial phlebitis threatens the deterioration of the condition and the development of such pathologies as:
Inflammation of the deep veins leads to more serious health complications:
If you have an inflamed vein, consult a doctor immediately. He will conduct a visual examination and make a preliminary diagnosis. To confirm it, you will need an examination, including diagnostic measures:
If studies do not reveal a complete picture of phlebitis of the lower extremities, an additional computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging is prescribed.
The acute stage of phlebitis of the superficial veins of the lower extremities lasts from 7-10 days to one and a half months, inflammation of the deep veins - from 3 months to six months. The disease does not require hospital treatment, since it is important to maintain physical activity to relieve symptoms. The exception is aggravated phlebitis of the leg veins.
Phlebitis in the veins of the legs can be treated using conservative and surgical methods. Alternative medicine has proven itself well. Let us consider in more detail each of these principles for the treatment of phlebitis of the lower extremities.
Medications relieve inflammation and prevent thrombosis with superficial and deep phlebitis on the leg.
Ineffective treatment of phlebitis with medications and other non-pharmacological methods leads to the surgical method. The following surgical methods are practiced to eliminate inflammation of the venous wall:
Non-pharmacological therapy for venous inflammation has many recipes based on natural herbal remedies that help with phlebitis.
A combination of traditional and medicinal methods is allowed.
Causes of phlebitis include:
The localization of inflammation of the veins plays a significant role when affecting deep vessels located close to the central venous pathways directed to the head and heart.
The inflammatory process tends to quickly spread along the bloodstream or through neighboring tissues.
Phlebitis on the face can cause meningitis.
Inflammation of the vessels of the legs through the femoral vein infects the entire bed of the inferior hollow system. And phlebitis of the mesenteric veins, which occurs as a result of intestinal inflammation, brings infection to the portal vein of the liver.
The ulnar veins in the hands are most often affected. Their superficial subcutaneous location is convenient for medical procedures. Subclavian catheters are installed in hospitals for long-term administration of fluids and medications in case of poor access or collapsed veins of the arms. Decreased immunity of the patient and improper care of the catheter can cause phlebitis of the superficial veins of the neck area.
According to the degree of damage to the wall of a venous vessel, it is customary to distinguish:
According to the clinical course, acute and chronic forms are distinguished.
Signs of acute phlebitis:
Chronic phlebitis occurs without symptoms for a long time or causes short-term local pain and swelling. It goes away without treatment, but another exacerbation awaits the patient when the immune system is weakened (flu, overexertion at work, stress). Lasts for years, usually diagnosed by more severe disease or complications.
Let's look at the characteristic symptoms by location and main forms of the disease.
Occurs frequently with long-term intravenous therapy. It is caused by both mechanical damage to the vein wall by the needle and a local allergic reaction of the vessel to the injected drug. The use of disposable needles, syringes and systems, as well as the work of medical staff with gloves, is important in preventing vein infection through instruments.
Cubital phlebitis (at the elbow) manifests itself:
Sometimes injections are given into the ankle vein in the leg. Then the picture develops according to the location of the lesion.
Therapeutic methods of sclerotherapy for varicose veins are designed for local phlebitis with subsequent scarring and blocking of the vessel. Therefore, the patient should be warned about the clinical course in the coming days. Such phlebitis are considered aseptic. But if severe pain and fever appear, an internal infection must be assumed. This is regarded as a complication of sclerotherapy.
Inflammation of the vein is complicated by thrombosis if three conditions are present:
Thrombophlebitis occurs in the following cases:
In the clinic, diseases occur:
The separation of part of the thrombus turns it into a mobile embolus, which, with the flow of blood, can enter through the right side of the heart into the pulmonary artery and cause blockage with instant death of the patient. In the presence of a patent interatrial or interventricular septum, the embolus passes into the left chambers of the heart and through the aorta can reach the brain, abdominal region and smaller arteries.
Localization of pustular infection on the face, in the maxillary and other paranasal sinuses, and trauma to the skull cause phlebitis of the superficial veins of the face and deep vessels of the brain. Serious concerns arise when cosmetic procedures are used inappropriately. Manifested by symptoms:
The form of the disease is more common in men. The nature of the lesion is typical periphlebitis. Characterized by increased pain. The process changes localization weekly. Each new lesion is accompanied by fever and general malaise.
Inflammation of the portal vein is a consequence of:
For diagnosis and choice of treatment, the patient must immediately consult a doctor. Phlebitis of superficial veins with moderate symptoms in the absence of suspicion of thrombosis can be treated at home.
Damage to the deep and central veins threatens the dangerous spread of infection and embolism to vital organs. Therefore, it is necessary to begin treatment in a hospital.
If phlebitis is located on the legs or arms, it is recommended to keep the limb in an elevated position and limit movements. Wearing compression stockings is recommended.
The following are required to be appointed:
If phlebitis is detected against the background of an abscess ripening nearby, the abscess is surgically opened and pus is drained from the wound using bandages with a hypertonic solution.
Of the modern physiotherapeutic techniques, the use of magnetic therapy and laser treatment is most indicated.
Symptoms of phlebitis cannot be eliminated using traditional methods. Existing recommendations and advertising should be assessed from the point of view of delaying consultation with a doctor, delaying active therapy and subsequent complications.
As a rule, advice boils down to adding blood thinning foods to your diet. These include:
Prevent superficial thrombophlebitis with compresses from:
Similar preventive measures should be taken in case of sedentary work, increased fatigue and stress on the legs.
To prevent phlebitis, it is necessary to treat inflammatory skin diseases on the recommendation of a specialist, do not contact dubious doctors, and do not use used syringes. Timely medical advice will help prevent the dangerous consequences of thrombosis.