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How to determine arthritis using a blood test

25 Apr 18

Reliably determining the gender of a child by blood - is it possible?

Many men and women, even before the onset of a planned pregnancy, try to “program” themselves to give birth to a child of a certain gender, which is why they try to carry out numerous “tested” methods for choosing the sex of a child, proven by centuries of practice.

Most of our compatriots are also interested in this for the reason that the dowry of a newborn child must necessarily correspond to his gender : girls are bought pink things, while blue remains the traditional color for boys.

Of course, color blindness, transmitted with the X chromosome, can be considered an annoying obstacle in future life, while hemophilia is a dangerous disease in which the slightest bleeding can cause the death of the patient due to a violation of blood clotting processes.

Until recently, doctors could, with a high degree of probability, determine the sex of the child when performing a second ultrasound - it is usually performed at 19-22 weeks of pregnancy, and by this time the external genitalia of the fetus are fully formed and are well visualized using ultrasound.

Until recently, determining the sex of a child by blood was only the domain of alternative medicine specialists, who assessed the likelihood of having a girl or a boy based on the ratio of the parents’ group affiliation or based on the “results” of blood renewal.

Modern diagnostic methods make it possible to answer the question of how to determine the sex of a child by blood at the earliest stages, although this is quite an expensive pleasure.

Thanks to the analysis of the genetic composition of the mother’s blood, already at 6 weeks it is possible to determine who exactly will be born and to psychologically prepare for this.

In some cases, such a study should be carried out if there are genetic diseases in the family - of course, its effectiveness is somewhat lower (85-95%) than when studying the chorionic villi of the placenta, which with 100% probability determines the sex of the child, but the risks are not comparable.

When testing blood, it is necessary to collect a small amount of venous blood , which will not cause the expectant mother any particular discomfort, while with chorionic villus biopsy there is a high risk of spontaneous abortion.

That is why geneticists recommend, if possible, to first determine the sex of the child using a maternal blood test and only on the basis of this result make a decision about the need for further examination of the pregnant woman.

The essence of this method is that a woman’s body can only have X chromosomes, which are found in all cells of the body.

It has been proven that the fetal blood flow and the maternal circulatory system are connected into a single whole , and through the placenta, which prevents their mixing, a small number of fetal (fetal) blood cells still penetrate.

This small amount can be determined by conducting an appropriate study, and the detection of the Y chromosome proves that the expectant mother is carrying a boy under her heart .

This test can be performed from the sixth week of pregnancy , but the results may be questionable, while reliable information is guaranteed by the ninth week.

Even those women who, for one reason or another, do not welcome an ultrasound examination can undergo this procedure and also find out the gender of their unborn child, like everyone else.

What other methods are there?

Determining the sex of a child using the mother's blood is one of the safest methods , the main advantage of which is that it is carried out early, which allows the expectant mother to think about whether it is worth keeping a child of a certain gender.

This can happen not only due to medical problems, but also due to moral and cultural ones, because Eastern men prefer that they have heirs, at least first.

That is why the results of the “folk” determination of the sex of a child by blood can only be considered as an entertaining test , but every pregnant woman can conduct it out of simple curiosity and compare the result with reality.

When using the “Rh method” , it is believed that in cases where the parents’ blood Rh factor is the same, then the child will be a girl, and if it is different, then the child will be a boy.

When using the “blood group method,” the blood ratio according to the ABO system is estimated. If both parents have group 1 - girl, 2 - girl, 3 - boy, 4 - boy.

In the case when the mother and future father (regardless of the exact affiliation) groups 1 and 2 - there will be a boy, 1 and 3 - a girl, 1 and 4 - a boy, 2 and 3 - a boy, 2 and 4 - a girl, 3 and 4 - boy.

When using the “blood renewal method”, they take into account the traditions of oriental medicine, which believe that it is possible to predict the sex of a child by changing biological processes in the human body over time.

The essence of this technique is based on the fact that every 4 years in men and every 3 years in women, the blood is renewed, and whoever has “fresh” blood at the time of conception will have a child of that gender.

To obtain the result of the study, it is necessary, accordingly, to divide the woman’s age by 3, and the age of the future father by 4, and compare the results obtained.

The reliability and information content of this method is minimal, so you should not place too much hope on it.

Actually, almost everyone can check the correctness of all these methods - those couples who are just planning pregnancy and conception, those expecting an addition to the family in the near future, and those who will soon have grandchildren. I wonder what result you got?

How to define arthritis? 6 Ways to Diagnose Arthritis

Diagnosis of arthritis is an important stage in its treatment, since it is during diagnosis that the type of disease, the degree of joint damage and the cause of pain are determined. Only a doctor knows how to identify arthritis in a patient, so it is not recommended to do it yourself.

How to determine arthritis in a person?

To do this, there are several ways to diagnose arthritis. We have identified the 6 most popular:

  • Disease history. To make it easier for the doctor to compile an anamnesis (medical history), before the visit, start keeping a so-called “symptom diary”. Record in it all the painful symptoms in your body and the conditions under which they intensified or subsided over the course of two weeks.
  • A physical examination during which your doctor will determine whether you have swelling, redness, nodules, or fluid accumulation in your joints. The doctor may also ask you to perform some movements to determine the degree of joint flexibility.
  • Blood analysis. When diagnosing arthritis, the following types of blood tests are used: rheumatoid factor, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein level, presence of anti-CCP enzymes, antinuclear antibody (ANA) level, complete blood count, human leukocyte antigen (HLA-B27) level, uric acid. Blood tests for arthritis help not only diagnose the disease, but also monitor its course, as well as monitor the patient’s general condition while taking certain medications.
  • Joint fluid analysis

    • Analysis of joint (synoval) fluid. Using the joint puncture method, the doctor takes a small amount of joint fluid to then examine its physicochemical characteristics and microscopic examination.
    • Determining Arthritis Using X-Rays

    • An x-ray that reveals deformities and abnormalities of bones and joints.
    • MRI as a method for diagnosing arthritis

    • Magnetic resonance imaging. This type of study helps to determine the slightest changes, up to 3 mm in size, and the degree of damage to articular tissues. An absolute contraindication to MRI is the presence of a pacemaker, an inner ear implant, or a postoperative clip on the vessel.
    • In order for the diagnosis of arthritis to be comprehensive and reliable, the doctor may prescribe several medical tests at once. Before you donate blood, have an MRI, X-ray, or test your joint fluid, be sure to ask your doctor about how to prepare for the test, how long it will take, and what the consequences may be.

      How can you identify arthritis yourself?

      It is extremely difficult to determine arthritis yourself at home, and there is no need to do this. You may notice non-arthritis symptoms such as: joint pain, stiffness, swelling, redness, joint deformity. But you cannot diagnose yourself and prescribe treatment without medical advice. Diagnosis of arthritis can only be carried out by a doctor, based on the data obtained from a medical examination.

      Diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis of the joints: how doctors make this diagnosis

      Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a severe chronic joint disease that can present with a wide range of symptoms. Because of this, even experienced doctors cannot make a correct diagnosis for a long time. Sometimes between the first manifestations of this disease and the making of an accurate diagnosis, it takes from several months to one year.

      Why is this happening? What signs of this disease do doctors look for first? What tests should be taken for rheumatoid arthritis? You will find answers to all these questions in our article.

      Quick navigation through the article:

      In order to determine whether a patient suffers from rheumatoid arthritis or not, a good doctor looks at several indicators at once: the symptoms and manifestations of the disease, the results of laboratory tests, X-ray data, studies of the synovial fluid of the affected joints, and also keeps in mind specially developed diagnostic criteria RA.

      Let's look at each of these points.

      Symptoms that confirm the development of RA

      Unfortunately, there are no symptoms of this disease, the appearance of which could accurately make this diagnosis.

      However, some of the symptoms of this disease are specific enough for a doctor to suspect rheumatoid arthritis and order laboratory tests to confirm or deny the presence of this disease.

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      These specific symptoms are:

    • the disease usually begins in the small joints of the legs and (more often) arms;
    • in the vast majority of cases, symmetrical joints are affected - i.e. on both arms or legs;
    • characterized by “morning stiffness” of the joints, which decreases over time - within an hour or several hours.
    • In addition, the symptoms of the disease that appear can tell the doctor a lot about how the disease will progress. So, if already at the initial stage of the disease many joints are affected, rheumatic nodules appear early, and also if large joints are affected at the very beginning of the disease, then this may indicate that the course of rheumatoid arthritis will be severe - which means it is necessary to begin its treatment As soon as possible.

      Signs of RA on X-ray

      Alas, diagnosing this complex disease using x-ray examination in the early stages of the disease does not help much. If the disease began relatively recently, then an x-ray can only show the appearance of excess fluid in the affected joints and the presence of swelling of the soft tissues near them: but such information can also be obtained with the naked eye when examining the patient.

      And only when the disease is already actively developing, several months after its onset, during the period of exacerbation, signs specific to rheumatoid arthritis can be seen on x-rays: characteristic erosions, also called “usures,” appear in the affected joints of the hands.

      In addition, during the active course of the disease process, the joint spaces in the diseased joints are significantly reduced - to the point that the bones included in these joints grow together, forming immobile joints - ankyloses.

      Naturally, it is not recommended to bring the disease to such a state, and you should have consulted a doctor much earlier.

      Synovial fluid examination

      In some cases, it makes sense for the doctor to conduct an examination of the synovial fluid located in the affected joint. But this information does not provide sufficient grounds for making a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. The synovial fluid will be cloudy, its viscosity will be reduced, and the amount of protein in its composition will be increased.

      However, this information only indicates the presence of inflammation in the joint, which can be caused by a variety of reasons - from synovitis in osteoarthritis of the joints to reactive arthritis caused by intestinal or urogenital infection.

      Therefore, this study will not give the doctor a 100% guarantee in making the correct diagnosis. However, the following studies usually provide more useful information.

      Lab tests

      If this disease is suspected, a number of laboratory tests are prescribed to help the doctor make the correct diagnosis.

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      General clinical blood test

      In rheumatoid arthritis, this test will most likely show a slight decrease in hemoglobin levels (i.e., varying degrees of anemia). This indicator, of course, cannot confirm the presence of this disease, but the more pronounced the anemia with a confirmed diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, the more severe the disease will be, unfortunately, and the worse its prognosis.

      Biochemical blood test: rheumatoid factor and C-reactive protein

      A more specific indicator of the disease is the presence of the so-called rheumatoid factor (R-factor) in the blood.

      Previously, it was believed that if this marker is detected in a person’s blood, then the patient can safely be diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, that is, he had seropositive rheumatoid arthritis.

      However, after some time it became clear that this was far from the case. The P factor is detected even in the blood of healthy people (in approximately 5-6% of the population), and in addition, in every second or third patient with current rheumatoid arthritis, on the contrary, the rheumatoid factor is not detected (seronegative RA).

      Therefore, this indicator is now purely auxiliary when making a diagnosis.

      Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

      Normally, the ESR level ranges from 5 to 10-12 mm/hour. High ESR levels are 20 and above, and this is again a nonspecific sign, indicating the presence of any inflammation in the body, from sinusitis to inflammation of the appendix. But, despite this, high ESR levels (up to 40 mm/hour and above) with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis may indicate an exacerbation of the disease and/or its severe, unfavorable course.

      Another nonspecific indicator of inflammation is the appearance of so-called C-reactive protein and seromucoid in a blood test (normally, these markers are not detected in the blood of humans). These indicators, like a high ESR, indicate the presence of inflammatory processes in the body, but they also cannot be used to diagnose RA.

      Test for antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptide (ACCP)

      This analysis is the most specific and reliable marker for rheumatoid arthritis to date. Using this method, the disease can be identified in 70-80% of patients.

      Another important advantage of this immunological test is the fact that it can detect this disease in 70% of patients who have normal P-factor levels.

      In recent years, this analysis has become widely used in our country. If for some reason it is not done in public medical institutions, then you can undergo this test for a fee. The cost of such a study in Moscow in 2013 is 1000 - 1100 rubles.

      All these, as well as many other questions, are often discussed by patients with this disease on various forums dedicated to rheumatoid arthritis.

      Diagnostic criteria

      As you can see, at the moment there are not many studies that would help a doctor diagnose this disease with 100% accuracy. After all, even the presence of other joint diseases - for example, osteoarthritis - does not negate the possibility that the patient also has rheumatoid arthritis.

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      Therefore, doctors introduced a whole range of laboratory and clinical indicators, the totality of which usually makes such a diagnosis. The list of these criteria was developed by the American College of Rheumatology, and it includes the following points:

      • the presence of morning stiffness, or stiffness, of joints;
      • inflammation affects at least three groups of joints with the formation of excess fluid in the joints and swelling of nearby tissues;
      • joint inflammation affects the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and wrist joints;
      • the presence of rheumatoid nodules - specific nodes under the skin near bony protrusions, near the affected joints or on the extensor surfaces of the arms and legs;
      • symmetrical inflammation of the joints of the same group;
      • the presence of rheumatoid factor in the blood, detected by other, specific methods, in which false positive results are detected in less than 5% of healthy people;
      • typical picture on x-rays (erosions and decreased bone density near the affected joints of the hand)
      • To make a diagnosis, four of the listed criteria are sufficient; it is important that these signs existed for at least 6 weeks.

        Rheumatoid arthritis is a difficult disease to diagnose, with many symptoms similar to those of other diseases. And the typical symptoms of this disease sometimes appear only when the disease has been developing for many months and has come into its own. Even a doctor, who has the opportunity to conduct many different studies, may find it difficult to make such a diagnosis.

        Therefore, if you experience any joint symptoms - pain, discomfort, joint stiffness in the morning or changes in joint flexibility - try to see a doctor as soon as possible, undergo the necessary examinations, and, if necessary, begin treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. This treatment can be either medicinal or (in consultation with the doctor) using traditional recipes.

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        Determining diseases using blood tests

        Blood tests are the most informative methods for laboratory diagnosis of many diseases. They are used in almost all areas of medicine. In addition, experts recommend periodically taking blood tests to detect diseases in the early stages, which will make it possible to begin therapy as early as possible and avoid serious complications. Let's consider what diseases blood tests are most often used to diagnose, and when you need to take a blood test for diseases.

        General blood test: what diseases can be detected

        A general (clinical) blood test is used to diagnose many diseases. With its help, the doctor determines pathologies of the hematopoietic system, the presence of inflammatory and infectious processes in the body, and the development of allergic reactions.

        Diagnosis of any disease is based on the deviation of the main indicators of a general blood test from the norm. Here are the most common deviations in indicators that can be used to identify diseases in a clinical blood test.

        1. A decrease in hemoglobin in the blood is almost always the main symptom of anemia developing in the body. In turn, anemia is usually a consequence of a deficiency of iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12. Low hemoglobin also occurs in malignant diseases of the human hematopoietic system (leukemia). An increased content of hemoglobin in the blood is observed in diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, heart and pulmonary failure.

        2. An increase in leukocytes in a blood test indicates the development of quite serious diseases. First of all, these are purulent-inflammatory processes, rheumatic exacerbations, malignant tumors of various localizations. There is a decrease in the level of leukocytes in blood tests in diseases of an infectious and viral nature, rheumatic diseases, and some types of leukemia.

        3. An important indicator of a general blood test is the platelet count. Its increase is often a sign of the development of inflammatory processes, many types of anemia, and cancer of various localizations. A decrease in the level of platelets in the blood also indicates the development of pathological processes in the body, such as hemophilia, bacterial and viral infections, and renal vein thrombosis.

        4. ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) is an indicator that is determined in each analysis. What diseases can a change in this blood test indicator indicate? Its increase may indicate the presence of an inflammatory process in the body, autoimmune disorders, malignant diseases, and intoxications.

        Biochemical blood test: diseases of organs and systems

        With the help of a biochemical blood test, liver and kidney diseases, water-salt imbalances, the development of acute inflammation, rheumatic process, and deficiency of vitamins and microelements in the body are detected.

        Let's look at the main indicators of a biochemical blood test and what diseases can be diagnosed with their help.

        1. One of the most important characteristics of a biochemical blood test is total protein. An increase in total protein in the blood is caused by diseases such as acute and chronic infections, rheumatism and rheumatoid arthritis, and malignant neoplasms. But a decrease in the value of this indicator can also be a dangerous symptom. This may indicate the development of diseases of the liver, intestines, pancreas, and some cancers.

        2. Determination of the amylase enzyme content in the blood is used in the diagnosis of many diseases. Thus, increased levels of amylase occur in acute and chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cysts and tumors, cholecystitis, and diabetes mellitus. A decrease in the content of this enzyme may indicate the development of hepatitis and pancreatic insufficiency.

        3. By determining cholesterol in a biochemical blood test, kidney, liver, and vascular diseases are detected. Cholesterol increases with atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, liver and kidney pathologies, and hypothyroidism. A decrease in cholesterol levels may be a sign of hyperthyroidism, thalassemia, acute infections, and chronic lung diseases.

        4. The determination of bilirubin has important diagnostic value in blood biochemistry. Its increase, first of all, may indicate acute and chronic liver pathologies, cholelithiasis. This indicator also increases with a deficiency of vitamin B12 in the body.

        5. When determining pathologies of the kidneys and skeletal muscles, a biochemical analysis for creatinine is used. An increase in this blood test indicator is also observed in diseases of the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism), radiation sickness, and dehydration.

        6. In diagnosing disorders of the excretory function of the kidneys (glomerulonephritis, renal tuberculosis, pyelonephritis), the determination of urea content in the blood is used. In addition, an increase in urea levels may be a symptom of impaired urine outflow, malignant neoplasms, heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, and intestinal obstruction.

        7. An often determined indicator of blood biochemistry is iron content. Its decrease may indicate the development of many pathologies - anemia, chronic and acute infections, malignant tumors, diseases of the digestive system, and tumor processes. But also an increased level of iron in the blood should alert the doctor. This condition occurs with hemochromatosis, certain types of anemia, liver diseases, nephritis, and acute leukemia.

        Blood tests in diagnosing the most common diseases

        Quite often, the doctor directs the patient to take a blood test for diseases of the endocrine system, in particular for sugar (glucose). This study is carried out not only in the presence of certain symptoms, but also as part of regular examinations of the body. Diabetes mellitus often has few symptoms or asymptomatic symptoms in the initial stages, so periodic blood glucose testing is of great importance in early diagnosis.

        Another common blood test is hormone testing. There are quite a lot of hormones that are determined in blood tests. They can be divided into the following groups:

      • pituitary hormones;
      • thyroid hormones;
      • pancreatic hormones;
      • adrenal hormones;
      • sex hormones.
      • A decrease or decrease in the content of any of the hormones in the blood test indicates the development of a pathological process in the human body.

        Quite often, patients are prescribed blood tests for sexually transmitted diseases. Such infectious diseases include gonococcal and chlamydial infections, syphilis, chancroid, HIV infection, human papillomavirus infection, trichomoniasis, granuloma inguinale, herpes virus, ureaplasmosis, mycoplasmosis, gardnerella.

        Blood tests play an important role in diagnosing diseases. However, most often the doctor prescribes additional examinations to clarify the diagnosis. Therefore, the patient should not independently interpret the results of his analysis.

        Diagnosis of pancreatitis: determination of acute and chronic forms by analysis

        To begin treatment, it is necessary to conduct a diagnosis. There are a number of diseases whose symptoms are not clearly expressed and it is not possible to recognize them by them. Such diseases include pancreatitis.

        Methods for diagnosing pancreatitis

        The success of treatment of this disease directly depends on timely examination and correct diagnosis. When making a diagnosis, a specialist relies not only on research data, but also on the signs accompanying the disease. These include:

      • acute pain in the abdominal area of ​​a girdling nature;
      • a constant feeling of nausea and vomiting that does not bring relief;
      • general weakness;
      • a sharp decrease in pressure;
      • increased sweating and pale skin;
      • jumps in body temperature;
      • stool disorders;
      • dry mouth, white coating on the tongue.
      • In medical practice, there are several ways to determine pancreatitis without using instrumental examination, based only on characteristic symptoms. This makes it possible to diagnose an adult at an early stage. These symptoms include:

        1. in the presence of pancreatitis, the patient does not feel the pulsation of the aorta in the stomach area.
        2. the appearance of blue spots in the abdominal wall when projecting the pancreas.
        3. blue spots in the umbilical area. Their manifestation is associated with the effect of pancreatic breakdown products on organ and muscle tissue.
        4. pain at the location of the pancreas.
        5. the occurrence of pain when a specialist palpates the area on the left side of the sternum, at the junction of the ribs with the spine.
        6. painful sensations when tapping on the pancreas. The occurrence of pain is associated with the inflammatory process of the organ.
        7. severe pain when inserting the palm deep into the abdominal wall, associated with irritation of the peritoneum.
        8. Signs and diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis

          In order to determine chronic pancreatitis, the doctor needs to pay attention to the symptoms present in the patient. The following symptoms are characteristic of this disease:

        9. periodic pain under the ribs on the left side of the spine;
        10. spread of pain from the pancreas to the back;
        11. the occurrence of pain after eating smoked, fried or fatty foods, as well as drinking alcohol;
        12. constant feeling of nausea;
        13. diarrhea with a characteristic odor;
        14. sudden weight loss associated with impaired absorption of nutrients from food by the body.
        15. Treatment for chronic pancreatitis can take a long time. During the treatment period, exacerbation or remission of the disease is possible, so it is so important to diagnose it correctly. The following symptoms are characteristic of such a long-term disease:

        16. weakness, dizziness, difficulty breathing, memory impairment;
        17. increased sugar, type 2 diabetes;
        18. disruptions in the digestive system, diarrhea or constipation, nausea and vomiting;
        19. enlargement of the pancreas causing blockage of the splenic vein;
        20. stagnation of bile in the organ and the occurrence of jaundice.
        21. Blood chemistry

          This is the first test that is prescribed to patients to determine pancreatic disease. It is quite simple and informative. Based on its results, the type of organ disease is determined. In case of pancreatitis, a biochemical blood test can reveal the following deviations from the norm:

        22. increase in alpha-amylase levels. This is an enzyme produced by the pancreas and helps break down starch in the body. Its high level indicates organ disease. However, based only on this indicator it is impossible to accurately establish a diagnosis;
        23. an increase in the level of lipase, an enzyme necessary for the breakdown of fats included in food;
        24. a decrease in the amount of insulin and, as a result, an increase in glucose levels
        25. decreased levels of proteins in the blood, in particular albumin protein;
        26. a sharp increase in the activity of c-reactive protein;
        27. an increase in urea levels in the blood in case of kidney dysfunction.
        28. Electrolytic and water blood tests

          Disturbances in the functioning of the pancreas entail changes in the composition of the blood, as well as the amount of fluid present in the blood. This can lead to blockage of blood vessels and the formation of blood clots.

          Pancreatitis causes low levels of minerals such as potassium, calcium and sodium in the blood. Mineral content influences the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system.

          Based on the results of this analysis, namely the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes, we can conclude that the disease is present. An increase in leukocytes indicates an inflammatory process in the body. Erythrocyte sedimentation occurs when there is a decrease in fluid in the vascular bed.

          A patient with pancreatitis has a significant deviation from the norm in alpha-amylase levels. This is typical for the initial stage of the disease. At later stages, leukocytes, red blood cells and other components can be detected in the urine.

          Instrumental diagnostic methods

          Instrumental methods for studying pancreatic diseases are an integral part of diagnosis. In the process of instrumental examination, it becomes possible to visualize the gland, as well as identify the consequences of pancreatitis and its effect on other organs.

          The most common instrumental research methods are the following:

          Ultrasound diagnostics

          This is the most effective method for determining pancreatic disease, as well as identifying changes in organ tissue and the presence of inflammation. An ultrasound can show the condition of the bile ducts, the presence of purulent abscesses and fluid.

          It is also important to note that the patient should know how the preparation for ultrasound of the pancreas is carried out so that the study is as informative as possible.

          X-ray of the pancreas

          This type of diagnosis allows you to determine the presence of stones in the bile ducts, as well as indirectly confirm the presence of pancreatitis in the patient. Images of a patient with this disease will show enlarged intestinal loops and other characteristic signs.

          An informative method for diagnosing pancreatic disease. With its help, you can determine the size of the organ, the presence of dead tissue and inflammation. However, this method is used quite rarely due to its high cost and the availability of tomographs in large clinics.

          This method is both diagnosis and treatment of the disease. This study is carried out in specially equipped rooms or operating rooms.

          Laparoscopy allows you to detect organ pathologies in real time and, in some cases, take measures to reduce their impact on the body. This method is used in extremely severe cases of the disease.

          This research method allows you to see all the changes in the pancreas and duodenum. To do this, an endoscope with a camera installed is inserted through the esophagus and the organ is examined.

          As a result of endoscopy, it is possible to determine the level of secretion and its effect on the pancreas.

          Differential diagnosis of pancreatitis

          For pancreatitis, the main characteristic symptoms are pain in the abdomen that radiates to the back, diarrhea and vomiting. However, a number of other digestive diseases have similar symptoms.

          Sometimes even test results may not provide a complete picture for a specialist to confidently make a diagnosis. It is necessary to distinguish pancreatitis from possible other diseases.

          The difference between pancreatitis and a perforated ulcer

          Quite often, pancreatitis has similar symptoms to a perforated ulcer. These diseases are characterized by severe pain and the resulting pain shock, decreased pulse and tension in the abdominal walls.

          However, there are significant differences that are important to notice when making a diagnosis and prescribing treatment. A patient with a perforated ulcer tries to take one position in which the pain will be felt less. Also, with this disease, vomiting occurs quite rarely.

          With pancreatitis, the patient behaves restlessly. He can't find one sleeping position. The disease is also accompanied by constant vomiting. As a result of the disease, peripheral blood supply may be impaired.

          Difference between pancreatitis and cholecystitis

          These two diseases have very similar symptoms. And often cholecystitis is a consequence of a person’s disease with pancreatitis. Cholecystitis is characterized by the occurrence of pain on the right side of the abdomen and the pain moving to the right shoulder. On ultrasound, the inflammatory process is clearly visible.

          In addition, the reader will find useful information on what cholecystitis is and how to treat it on the pages of our website.

          Difference between pancreatitis and acute intestinal obstruction

          Pancreatitis is accompanied by dynamic intestinal obstruction. Pain in the intestines occurs suddenly, vomiting, flatulence, followed by constipation for a while - all these are symptoms of pancreatitis.

          This disease can be distinguished from intestinal obstruction by blood results. If there is a low level of chlorides in the blood, this indicates intestinal obstruction. High levels of chlorides and diastase indicate the patient has pancreatitis.

          The difference between pancreatitis and myocardial infarction

          It is quite easy to distinguish these two diseases. The diagnosis of myocardial infarction is made based on the results of an electrocardiogram, which is performed on each patient upon admission to the hospital.

          Take a general test for gastritis of the stomach, the presence of blood in saliva

          After the patient has been diagnosed, during the initial examination, the doctor, as a rule, sends the patient to undergo the necessary tests. The list includes: a blood test (for gastritis this is the most relevant test), examination of the gastric mucosa, tests to identify bacteria and other tests necessary for gastritis.

          The main thing, of course, is a general blood test, which determines both the chemical component of the blood and clinical indicators for gastritis. Hemoglobin and leukocytes, their levels, and ESR in gastritis are also determined. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate is perhaps the most necessary test. It is important because it is a high level of ESR that proves the presence of any pathologies in the body, in particular the presence of an inflammatory process in the body, which is reflected in the blood, namely, in the red cells.

          Blood biochemistry allows you to analyze the activity of internal organs, that is, performance, metabolism.

          The next thing people pay attention to is the presence of bacteria, namely Helicobacter pylori. It is very important for gastritis of the stomach, since a positive result confirms the presence of gastritis.

          Naturally, this is not the only way to determine bacteria. There is also a method based on the analysis of blood in saliva, or, for example, a method in which the respiratory system is examined. Each of these methods differs in both information content and cost indicators. It should be noted that greater preference is still given to detecting bacteria in the gastric mucosa.

          Equally important will be the collection of data from feces and urine. A stool test is necessary to determine the presence of blood discharge. It is also used to determine acidity, which causes poor digestion of food.

          Urinalysis for gastritis is rather preventive in nature. It is taken for the most part in order to identify additional problems that may interfere with the prompt treatment of a patient with gastritis. In particular, such a problem could be some kind of infection or disease that your body is fighting. The fight means that your immune system will pay more attention to the infectious disease than to gastritis formations of the gastrointestinal tract.

          Of course, as in the case of blood, the analysis implies general or special. Special analysis is different in that it has a purely individual meaning. For example, it is prescribed if they want to detect the presence of a specific infection.

          A biochemical blood test for gastritis is a more complex form of examination of the stomach and other components of the gastrointestinal tract.

          This form includes the following components:

        29. Lack of pepsinogens I and II. Such an analysis is necessary to identify components in the blood that signal the formation of gastritis at an early stage.
        30. A decrease in the amount of total protein, an increase in immune antibodies and an increase in one of the bile pigments - bilirubin. Such results indicate gastritis, which was caused by a violation of the body's immune system.
        31. The presence of antibodies that were caused by Helicobacter pylori. This indicator is direct evidence that gastritis was caused by bacteria and not by any other means.
        32. Increasing the level of hydrolytic enzymes that decompose starch at the stage of salivation: alpha-amylase and pancreatic alpha-amylase. A high level of such enzymes is direct evidence that the patient has similar symptoms to gastritis, but his disease is pancreatitis.
        33. Increased activity of acid phosphatase. This indicator is also a sign of pancreatitis, and not gastritis formations. This indicator is usually included in a general blood test for gastritis.

        It should be noted that this is not a complete list of tests. There are many ways to determine the presence of gastritis in a blood test. Every year more and more advanced research methods are being developed. Passing one of the above tests cannot be the basis for making a final diagnosis. All tests are prescribed in a complex form, since it is the complete indicators that can determine both the cause of the disease and the method of treatment of the disease.

        A blood test is the most informative way to determine the disease, since the information obtained is the only way to confirm the diagnosis of gastritis.

        There is a list of factors that affect test results. The effect occurs specifically on the gastric mucosa. An adult has a very strong layer that is stronger than human skin.

        Influencing factors include: physical fatigue of both the body and organs; past illnesses, mental fatigue; hereditary characteristics of the body. When donating blood, it is necessary to report possible factors.

        How to determine sinusitis using a blood test?

        Inflammation of the maxillary sinuses is considered a complex disease that occurs in many inhabitants of the earth. Treatment of such a process must begin as quickly as possible, otherwise there is a risk of meningitis, brain abscess, hearing loss and other equally dangerous consequences. Before starting medication and physical therapy, the patient must be sure of the diagnosis, as incorrect treatment will only worsen the patient's condition.

        A correct diagnosis can help quickly get rid of inflammation and reduce the risk of complications. To do this, you must consult a qualified doctor. The specialist will determine the nature of sinusitis based on the clinical picture, as well as using a general blood test for sinusitis. In addition, the patient should undergo a detailed examination directly in the hospital.

        Functional examinations

        The onset of inflammation can be determined by timely diagnosis of sinusitis . To make sure of the diagnosis, it is necessary to undergo an examination and determine the entire clinical picture of the disease.

        After an external examination of the nasal sinuses, the patient should be ready to undergo a detailed examination. The clinical picture of the disease must be confirmed by a functional examination. In certain cases, when inflammation of the paranasal sinuses has progressed to an acute or chronic stage, this information is not enough, so the patient awaits laboratory tests.

        The most common examination method in Russia is radiography . It allows you to visualize the paranasal sinuses, as well as examine nearby tissues and organs. This allows you to reduce the risk of complications and predict the transition of sinusitis to the chronic stage.

        For reference! X-rays are performed in three projections, where the nasomental, maxillary and chin areas are clearly visible.

        Based on the data obtained, the doctor will determine the degree of development of acute sinusitis and will also be able to confirm the diagnosis. But in order not to be mistaken, the specialist conducts a computed tomography scan, during which he identifies the location of the lesion. Typically, this method is used when there is a risk of the formation of a chronic form of inflammation or in the absence of results after drug treatment.

        Find out how to cure chronic sinusitis by following the link.

        In addition, computed tomography is necessary when there are factors for the formation of a benign or malignant tumor, cyst, polyp or adenoid.

        The next step will be to conduct a magnetic resonance imaging or MRI. This type is necessary for allergic or fungal sinusitis. During the examination, the doctor identifies all neoplasms in the nasal cavity and diagnoses the condition of the tissues.

        Laboratory research

        In addition to functional examinations, the patient must undergo certain tests for sinusitis. First you need to determine the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. It is thanks to this analysis that the doctor determines the level of inflammation.

        In addition, the patient must undergo a C-reactive protein level test . It is necessary if inaccuracies occurred in determining the erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

        However, these tests are not specific, since they do not indicate a disease of the paranasal tract . Their level may be higher than normal due to other inflammatory processes. It is for this reason that the patient must undergo not only laboratory tests, but also functional examinations.

        In case of acute development of sinusitis, the patient must undergo a study to study immunity.

        For reference! Analysis for immunodeficiency is carried out only in cases of frequent sinusitis, when they occur more than three times a year.

        During the immunodeficiency study, the patient undergoes tests to identify the following factors:

      • immunoglobulin tests;
      • HIV tests;
      • serological tests.
      • After this, the patient undergoes a cytological examination, during which the contents of the mucous secretion are revealed.

        What do the indicators mean?

        When diagnosing inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, it is necessary to conduct a general blood test. If, using X-rays, tomography and other studies, the doctor reveals the extent of the lesion and its location, then the presence of an infection in the sinuses of the nasal cavity can only be detected after a blood test.

        A clinical blood test allows you to determine inflammation in the earliest phases . It is necessary for prescribing diagnostic and preventive procedures. Any negative process that is currently occurring in the body will appear in tests. The fact is that specific signs of the disease are reflected in the composition of the blood, which causes a change in the level of leukocytes and monocytes. Therefore, a blood test is a necessary procedure during all inflammations in the paranasal tract.

        A general blood test for damage to the maxillary sinuses allows you to respond in a timely manner to signs of inflammation and eliminate the risk of complications. Therefore, you should donate blood as early as possible .

        Pay attention to how to determine sinusitis using a blood test. Indicators in a blood test for sinusitis are as follows:

      • leukocytosis (when leukocytes are higher than the permissible norm 5 -9 x109l);
      • increased ESR level (at a norm of 7-14 mm/h, slightly higher in women, up to 9 in men);
      • monocytosis (standard 3-11%), if the indicator is higher, the patient has started inflammation of the mucous membrane.
      • At the same time, you should pay attention to neutrophils:

        If the patient has these indicators above acceptable values, then bacterial sinusitis is diagnosed.

        For reference! A general blood test determines only deviations from the norm, but they serve as indicators for prescribing functional examinations.

        Can there be a good blood test for sinusitis?

        A blood test for inflammation of the paranasal sinuses provides a comprehensive assessment , so you should not expect good results at the acute or chronic stage.

        Any disease requires diagnosing the patient’s condition and donating blood. This analysis is necessary to detect the onset of inflammation in the early phases. The results indicate any deviation from the norm, which allows early treatment to begin and the risk of complications to be predicted.

        However, sinus disease cannot be diagnosed with a blood test alone. Some indicators may be impaired due to colds or viral inflammation. Therefore, the first thing you need to pay attention to is the level and number of leukocytes.

        For reference! In normal conditions, the leukocyte level should not exceed 5 to 9 x 10?/l.

        Sinusitis can be diagnosed only in combination with blood tests and x-ray examination of the nasal and paranasal sinuses. This approach to the matter will reduce the risk of complications and restore respiratory function in a much shorter period of time.

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