performed by: Armina Sargsyan
Faculty: State Medical University 10th group
Flooding is a significant inundation of an area as a result of a rise in the water level in a river, lake or sea during snowmelt, rainfall, wind surges, congestion, ice jams, etc. A special type includes floods caused by wind surges of water into river mouths. Floods lead to the destruction of bridges, roads, buildings, structures, cause significant material damage, and at high speeds of water movement (more than 4 m/s) and high heights of water rise (more than 2 m), they cause the death of people and animals.
The main cause of destruction is the impact on buildings and structures of hydraulic shocks from a mass of water, ice floes floating at high speed, various debris, watercraft, etc. Floods can occur suddenly and last from a few hours to 2-3 weeks.
There are also reasons caused by human activity. In recent centuries, especially in the twentieth century, anthropogenic factors have played an increasingly important role in increasing the frequency and destructive power of floods. Among them, first of all, deforestation should be mentioned (maximum surface runoff increases by 250-300%), irrational agricultural practices. A significant contribution to the increased intensity of floods and high waters was made by: longitudinal plowing of slopes, over-compaction of fields when using heavy equipment, and over-watering as a result of violation of irrigation standards. Average flood flows in urbanized areas have approximately tripled due to the growth of impervious covers and development. A significant increase in maximum flow is associated with the economic development of floodplains, which are natural flow regulators. In addition to the above, several reasons should be mentioned that directly lead to the formation of floods: improper implementation of flood protection measures leading to the breaking of embankment dams, destruction of artificial dams, emergency operation of reservoirs and others.
Flood is a periodically recurring, rather prolonged rise in water levels in rivers, usually caused by spring melting of snow on the plains or rainfall. Floods low-lying areas. A flood can become catastrophic if the infiltration properties of the soil have significantly decreased due to its oversaturation with moisture in the fall and deep freezing in the harsh winter. Spring rains can also lead to increased flooding, when its peak coincides with the peak of the flood.
Flood is an intense, relatively short-term rise in the water level in a river, caused by heavy rains, downpours, and sometimes rapid melting of snow during thaws. Unlike floods, floods can occur several times a year. A particular threat is posed by the so-called flash floods associated with short-term but very intense downpours, which also occur in winter due to thaws.
Congestion is a blockage of the riverbed by a stationary ice cover and accumulation of ice floes during the spring ice drift in narrowings and bends of the riverbed, restricting the flow and causing a rise in the water level in the place of ice accumulation and above it. Jam floods form at the end of winter or early spring, and arise due to the non-simultaneous opening of large rivers flowing from south to north. The exposed southern sections of the river in its flow are dammed by the accumulation of ice in the northern regions, which often causes a significant increase in the water level. Jam floods are characterized by a high and relatively short-term rise in the water level in the river.
Zazhor is an ice plug, an accumulation of in-water, loose ice during winter freeze-up in narrowings and bends of the riverbed, causing water to rise in some areas above the level of the main riverbed. Jam floods form at the beginning of winter and are characterized by a significant, but less than jam, rise in the water level and a longer duration of the flood.
Wind surge is a rise in water level at the mouths of large rivers and on windy areas of the coast of seas, large lakes, and reservoirs, caused by the impact of strong winds on the water surface. They are characterized by a lack of periodicity, rarity and significant rise in water level, and, as a rule, short duration. Floods of this type were observed in Leningrad (1824, 1924), the Netherlands (1953). However, this type of flood is very short-lived.
Classification of floods by scale.
Low (small) - they are observed on lowland rivers. Covers small coastal areas. Less than 10% of agricultural land is flooded. They hardly disturb the rhythm of life of the population. The frequency of recurrence is 5-10 years, causing minor damage.
Dangerous - cause significant material and moral damage, cover relatively large areas of river valleys, flood approximately 10-20% of agricultural land. They significantly disrupt the economic and everyday life of the population. Lead to partial evacuation of people. Repeatability 20-25 years.
Particularly dangerous - they cause great material damage, covering entire river basins. Approximately 50-70% of agricultural land and some populated areas are flooded. They paralyze economic activity and sharply disrupt the everyday life of the population. They lead to the need for mass evacuation of the population and material assets from the flood zone and the protection of the most important economic facilities. Repeatability 50-100 years. A striking example of this is the flood in Tomsk in 1947.
Catastrophic - lead to loss of life, irreparable environmental damage, cause material damage, covering vast territories within one or several water systems. More than 70% of agricultural land, many settlements, industrial enterprises and utilities are flooded. At the same time, economic and production activities are completely paralyzed, and the lifestyle of the population is temporarily changed. The evacuation of hundreds of thousands of people, an inevitable humanitarian catastrophe requires the participation of the entire world community, the problem of one country becomes a problem of the whole world. If a city is located close to a river experiencing flooding, at a not very high place, as a rule, it too is flooded.
Flood protection measures
1)reducing the maximum water flow by redistributing the flow over time;
2)regulation of flood flow using reservoirs;
3)straightening the river bed:
4)construction of enclosing dams (shafts);
5)carrying out bank protection and dredging works, filling low places;
6)plowing land across slopes and planting shelterbelts in river basins;
7)terracing slopes, preserving tree and shrub vegetation.
Prompt preventive measures include:
1)warning the population about the threat of flooding;
2)early evacuation of the population, farm animals, material and cultural assets from potentially flooded areas;
3) partial restriction or cessation of the functioning of enterprises, organizations, institutions located in areas of possible flooding, protection of material assets.
Before evacuating, to protect their home (apartment) and property, everyone must take the following mandatory actions:
1)turn off water, gas and electricity;
2)extinguish burning heating stoves;
3)move valuable items and belongings to the upper floors of buildings (attics);
4)cover (if necessary) the windows and doors of the first floors of houses with boards or plywood.
When receiving an evacuation warning, you must quickly gather and take with you:
1)personal documents placed in a waterproof bag;
2)money and valuables;
4)a set of outerwear and shoes for the season;
5)bed linen and toiletries;
6)three-day supply of food. It is better to put things and food in suitcases (backpacks, bags).
All evacuees must arrive at the evacuation assembly point by a specified time to be registered and sent to a safe area.
The first snakes appear to have appeared on earth about 130 million years ago, based on fossils found in the Cretaceous period. It is likely that snakes evolved from lizards that lost their legs in the process of adapting to life underground.
Although anacondas spend a significant part of their lives in water, they climb trees very well. Anacondas are the giants of the snake world, often exceeding 6 meters (19.8 feet) in length in parts of the Amazon where they are not hunted.
Now most snakes live on the surface of the earth, but they have not restored their legs. Despite this, they have remarkably adapted to move easily on a variety of surfaces.
The garter snake is widespread in the central states of North America. In winter, she hibernates, often in a community of her own kind, in places suitable for this.
Snakes swim well and climb trees. In addition, they can grab fast-moving prey and swallow animals much larger (in diameter) than themselves.
Once cooled, the Indonesian Blood Pito emerges from a forest stream. Most pythons are not afraid of water, and some can catch fish and frogs.
Science knows about 2,600 species of snakes. Almost all of them are predators, specializing in hunting live prey. There are one or two exceptions, such as the amazing egg-eating snake or the few species that happen to eat carrion, but for the most part snakes only grab prey that moves.
The water moccasin snake, sometimes called the water moccasin snake, loves water and is highly venomous. The cottonmouth appears to have a cotton-white inner surface of its mouth, which is why it is also called the cottonmouth.
Snakes move very easily and can quickly elude an enemy or pursue prey. Snakes swim effortlessly, bending their bodies like eels. Some swim on the surface, others underwater, and their bodies have become flattened for additional pushing power.
The deadly African horned viper uses protective coloration to hide. It moves like a horned rattlesnake, and the force of the throw is so great that the snake jumps.
On the ground, snakes move by bending in numerous arcs and pushing aside pebbles and twigs, so they move very quickly, slightly raising their heads to see better, or using the “accordion” method, folding their body into a series of horizontal folds and making a jerk. This method can also be used to climb trees, as the folds cling to the bark.
The green, slender, sharp-headed snake camouflages itself well under the creeping plants of the Ecuadorian rain forest. She grabs any unwary insect or bird.
To move more easily and reduce contact with the scalding hot sand, the horned rattlesnake first throws its head and then bends its body into an arc.
The so-called horned rattlesnakes, which live in sandy deserts, easily move over loose and sometimes very hot sand, twisting most of their body into a spiral and leaving only two points of the body at a time for support. Some of the largest and heaviest snakes (bats, pythons, anacondas) use the straight-line method.
The name of the blunt-headed snake accurately reflects its appearance. Habitats: from tropical Mexico to northern Bolivia.
With their body stretched out in a straight line, they glide forward without any noticeable muscle movements. In fact, in this case, the scales on the ventral side rise and fall in turn along the entire body. This happens so synchronously that the snake slithers forward in one smooth movement. This method can even be used to climb trees. Of all the methods, this is the least noticeable, allowing you to get close to prey without being detected.
The pygmy viper lives in the deserts of South Africa. It can burrow into the sand, hiding from direct sunlight and camouflaging itself to hunt small mammals.
Most snakes have only their jaws and teeth. They sneak up on prey in various ways. It happens that the snake lies in wait for the victim, but always attacks with a throw. In appearance, all this happens very quickly, but experiments have shown that the last throw of the head is inferior in speed to the blow of a human fist; The most important thing is the element of surprise.
This long-snouted whipweed's patience has finally been rewarded. The unsuspecting lizard found itself close to this camouflaged snake, which grabbed it with lightning speed.
This twig-like snake from Madagascar displays the most outstanding camouflage in the animal kingdom.
A typical species that feeds in this way is the common European grass snake. It is able to swallow its prey whole, live (usually a frog or small fish), and then retire to a quiet place to digest it. Prey, as a rule, is not capable of serious resistance, since it is relatively small in size and everything happens very quickly.
A Gulf snake dines on a tree frog. Like other snakes, it can move its lower jaw to swallow prey that is too large for its mouth.
The habitats of this pine snake are most often associated with wet forest lands. It feeds on frogs and insects. During the day it usually hides in moss or rotting tree trunks.
While it's biologically interesting, the sight of an African rock python eating an impala is quite repulsive.
Snakes that eat larger animals must have some means of overcoming the prey's resistance so as not to risk injury themselves from their legs, claws, or teeth. Therefore, before swallowing the victim, they kill it. Some snakes strangle their prey within the coils of their body. They do not crush the animal, but cause it to suffocate. Wrapping themselves around the victim's body, they wait for the animal to exhale, and then squeeze a little more.
A rattlesnake's rattle is used to alert animals to its presence that might pose a threat to it. The rattle consists of dry horny segments at the end of the tail.
The reticulated python (pictured) can reach lengths of 7.5 meters (25 feet) or more. This huge snake originates from Southeast Asia and feeds primarily on medium-sized mammals.
The victim is unable to take a breath and ultimately suffocates to death. All the largest snakes kill prey in this way. These include boas, pythons and the largest of all, the anaconda, reaching a length of 9 meters (29.7 feet). All of them capture and strangle large mammals. They can fight and eventually swallow deer, piglets, capybaras, and there are even examples of giant anacondas in South America devouring people.
To avoid trouble, the pig-nosed snake pretends to be dead, thus bewildering its potential enemies. The sight of an apparently dead snake forces them to leave.
Boa constrictors. All boas have teeth and can inflict painful bites in defense, but they do not have poisonous fangs. After the victim is strangled, the boa constrictor sheds its body coils and explores the prey with its tongue. Then he stretches out in a line and, capturing the victim’s head with his open mouth, begins to swallow it.
Rainbow boas are common in the forests of Central and South America. They feed on small mammals and birds, and usually hunt on the ground after dark.
Since snakes cannot bite off pieces and chew their food, they swallow it whole. The snake needs to move its jaws just enough so that its mouth can open wide enough to fully capture the prey's body.
The boa constrictor is among the snakes with the most beautiful colors. As its species name suggests, it kills prey by wrapping itself around it and squeezing it until it stops breathing.
The rainforests of central and northern South America are the home of the venomous eyelash viper. This species uses its prehensile tail to hide between branches, waiting for frogs and lizards.
Since the teeth are directed inward, the prey slides in the right direction.
Through repeated contractions of the body, the snake eventually manages to absorb the food. The head is always swallowed first (in this case the legs bend down more easily). Snakes that eat other snakes also always start with the head, although in this case the legs do not get in the way. Obviously, the matter is in the scales, which can cause damage to the digestive tract if the prey is swallowed incorrectly.
In addition, snakes produce huge amounts of saliva to wet their prey as they slide down the esophagus and stretch their elastic skin. As a result, the snake's body swells to gigantic size, and it slowly crawls away to begin digesting its food. If the prey was very large, then this may require weeks, during which the snake will be practically motionless, while its enzymes gradually decompose the food. Gradually, the swelling of the body decreases, and the snake becomes functional again.
Anaconda kills prey by strangulation. Thanks to the ability to move its jaws, it can swallow prey much larger than its head.
Poisonous snakes. Snakes that are unable to swallow their prey whole or by crushing it, usually kill by means of poison. Even some small and apparently harmless species have poisonous saliva, which is used to partially paralyze prey.
When bitten, a rattlesnake's fang acts like a syringe. The reservoir of poison at its base contracts, pushing the poison into the victim's body.
Some species of snakes have very strong venom, and they inject it into the victim through two needle-shaped fangs. The poison comes to them from large glands located in the head. In most species, the poison flows through the grooves in the teeth and quickly enters the body of the victim.
The northern moccasin snake has two large fangs that are partially hidden by folds of skin. This species, common to the eastern United States, feeds on small mammals.
The collared cobra has forward-facing fangs and can shoot venom over a distance of about 2 meters (6.6 feet) with deadly accuracy. This poison is strong enough to cause temporary blindness if it comes into contact with the eyes of mammals, including humans. This reaction is probably more protective than prey-killing.
When danger approaches, the forest cobra inflates its hood to make itself look as threatening as possible. Cobras are extremely poisonous and hundreds of people die from their bites every year.
Apparently the most venomous snake is the king cobra, or hamadryad, which reaches a length of 5.5 meters (16.5 feet). Its fangs are weakly expressed, but can hold more venom than other snakes. The poison is strong enough to kill an elephant in four hours. It is also fatal to humans. In fact, this species is quite calm and attacks only when absolutely necessary.
The glasses pattern on the back of the angry cobra's hood makes it even more menacing.
The largest venomous snake in the world, the king cobra reaches a length of over 5 meters (16.5 feet). She will immediately attack a person if he is careless.
Despite its strong venom, the king cobra was not responsible for as many deaths as the much smaller Indian cobra.
The mangrove snake lives in forests in Thailand and the Malay Peninsula. She hunts frogs and lizards, killing them with poison released from her fangs.
Representatives of the viper family are characterized by the presence of a very potent poison. It is transmitted through the pointed front fangs, which rest on the roof of her mouth when at rest. The poison acts slowly, so after the snake attacks and injects a portion of it, the victim is freed and can leave. Depending on the size of the animal, the animal may have moved different distances by the time the poison takes effect.
A very poisonous species of snake is the African noise viper. She can lie flat on the forest floor, becoming completely invisible.
When the animal finally falls, the viper tracks prey by smell or using the heat-detecting Jacobson's organ, unique among vipers.
The temple viper from Southeast Asia is characterized by stunning coloration. The photograph shows an open mouth, in which the fangs are partially hidden by folds of skin.
Snakes' teeth are not particularly powerful and require continuous renewal. Many teeth are destroyed when fighting prey; they are almost immediately replaced by new ones that grow next to the old ones.
The rhinoceros viper, so named because of the horn-like, scaly projections on its nose, is native to central Africa and is a highly venomous species. She hunts small mammals and birds.
The poison is a truly strong cocktail of various enzymes and proteins. It has a destructive effect on living tissue, but does not play any role in the digestion of food.
The miniature pygmy rattlesnake is native to Florida and the surrounding southern United States, where it is found in dry, grassy areas of marshes. It feeds on small mammals and lizards.
The formula of the venom varies from snake to snake, but the most common venoms typically contain: an element to paralyze the nervous system; an element that paralyzes the heart muscle and disrupts blood circulation, as well as components, some of which destroy body proteins, while others cause the formation of blood clots or cause extensive hemorrhages. In many species of snakes, the dose of venom released corresponds to the size of the prey.
Sea snakes are among the most poisonous. The venom of this sea snake, photographed on a coral reef in Australia, can kill a fish in a matter of seconds.
The common fear of snakes that most people have is due to ignorance. Even a harmless snake is sometimes looked at with fear. However, there is no need to be afraid of snakes if you have at least some understanding of them and their habits, how to identify venomous snakes, simple measures to prevent bites, and how to provide first aid in the rare event that a bite occurs.
The chance of being bitten by a venomous snake is very low. The risk of death from a snakebite is much less than the risk of death in a car accident or from an accidental gunshot.
Forget about the exaggerated danger that is associated with snakes in popular literature and various stories. Don't believe rumors about the number, size or ferocity of snakes found in an area. Local residents know all the poisonous snakes, but many harmless species of snakes may be presented to you as deadly. Statistics on the number of people bitten by venomous snakes are unreliable. This is especially true in remote areas where dangerous snakes are numerous. In addition, accidents almost always happen to people who do not wear shoes and therefore get bitten in the foot or ankle. Therefore, if you wear shoes and trousers, the danger of being bitten by a poisonous snake is small compared with the danger of contracting malaria, cholera, dysentery and other diseases; mosquitoes are actually more dangerous than snakes.
There are many reasons why the danger from snakes seems to be exaggerated. First of all, until they reach adulthood, most snakes are harmless. Usually only the adult is truly dangerous. It is unlikely that a bite from an immature snake will be fatal to humans.
However, there are small snakes, the largest individuals of which do not exceed 1.5 m, but which are very poisonous from the day they are born. Some information about them is given below.
A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air descending from a cumulonimbus cloud or forming beneath a cumulonimbus cloud, often.
Natural emergencies: tornadoes, tornadoes. tornado atmospheric tornado blurry. Introduction. Every year terrible tornadoes carry away.
In America and Western Europe, the terms “tornado” and “thrombus” are used. These words are synonyms for the word “tornado”, because mean the same thing.
Tornado (tornado): Abstract
A tornado (or tornado from the Spanish tornado “whirlwind”) is an atmospheric vortex that arises in a cumulonimbus (thunderstorm) cloud and spreads downwards.
Ask a person in any country: “What is a tornado (tornado)?” The answer will be unequivocal: “This is terrible!” All over the world and in all centuries, tornadoes have arisen - amazing physical phenomena when a wildly rotating funnel 1-2 km long and 50-100 m in diameter descends from a thundercloud. Having reached the Earth, the tornado with a roar and roar destroys everything on on its own path, and is able to cover a 500 km long path in 5-7 hours.
A tornado is a narrow, monstrously rotating column of air that extends from a thundercloud to the ground. Since the wind is invisible, you are not always.
TORNADOES AND TORNADOES. A tornado (synonyms - tornado, thrombus, meso-hurricane) is a very strong rotating vortex with horizontal dimensions less than.
The United States of America (USA) is the champion in the number of tornadoes (they are called tornadoes there). On average, there are up to 700 tornadoes per year in the United States.
In America, this destructive atmospheric phenomenon is called a tornado. A tornado is a rapidly rotating funnel-shaped tornado that descends.
Tornadoes, even if they are small, are the most powerful hurricanes in nature. Spinning and wriggling like snakes, they crawl out of the clouds and, descending to the ground, cause enormous devastation, destroying houses, throwing cars around like balls and uprooting trees. Those who survived an encounter with a tornado say that at the scene they found straws driven into tree trunks like nails. The sound of an approaching tornado is like the roar of a gigantic freight train. The United States of America (USA) is the champion in the number of tornadoes (they are called tornadoes there). On average, there are up to 700 tornadoes per year in the United States (some states experience tornadoes more often than others). In 1953, Alaska had one - a single tornado, while in Kansas there were more than 1200. In second place after the USA is Australia with its measly 15 tornadoes per year. How does a tornado or tornado form? Added to a large thundercloud is wind blowing in the opposite direction. When this headwind reaches the cloud, it is directed sharply upward. If you look at the top of a thundercloud, you will see it swirl upward and then fall downward, while powerful currents of rising air bore the cloud upward. Sometimes this upward flow, encountering an oppositely directed flow of air in a cloud, begins to swirl. Why are tornadoes most common in the United States? In the USA, tornadoes are called tornadoes. Powerful westerly winds blow high above the Rocky Mountains. Breaking out onto the plain, they encounter low, warm, humid winds from the Gulf of Mexico. These air masses collide over the central states, forming severe hurricanes and tornadoes. A rotating column of rising air is called a mesocyclone. This mass of swirling air and cloud, like the spout of a bathtub filled with water, is called a vortex. At the center of the vortex, atmospheric pressure drops, and more and more air is sucked into the throat of the vortex. No one knows exactly how much the pressure at the center of a tornado is reduced, but some scientists estimate it to be up to half of normal atmospheric pressure. Some mesocyclones become more powerful and rotate faster as they grow. As the pressure in the center of the mesocyclone decreases, it begins to suck in the underlying layers of air, which are drawn in from below, acquiring a funnel-shaped shape typical of a tornado. And the more air a tornado can have a conical shape, the shape of a thick column or a long thin rotating tube. The color of tornadoes can be quite varied. When the sky-high funnel just begins to descend from the sky, it has a dirty white or gray color. But the more dust and dirt a tornado lifts from the ground, the darker it becomes. Most often, the color of a tornado is brown or reddish (the color of red clay). The wind speed in a tornado reaches 1000 kilometers per hour; pieces of metal and trees torn out of the ground fly through the air at the same speed, turning into deadly weapons. Very low pressure at the center of a tornado can cause a house to explode if the base of the tornado touches a structure. Luckily for us, meteorologists are becoming more accurate at predicting when a tornado might form. If you receive a warning, you should know that the safest place in the house is the northeast corner of the foundation or the middle of the front door. If a tornado catches you on the street, then the safest place in this case is a ditch or ditch.
Chernobyl disaster. The Chernobyl tragedy is a sad lesson for humanity.
The most monumental man-made disaster occurred on April 26, 1986, at the 4th block of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in a small satellite town called Pripyat. An incredible amount of deadly radioactive substances ended up in the air. In some places, radiation levels were thousands of times higher than standard background radiation.
it became clear that after the explosion there would be a different world here - a land where you can’t sow, rivers in which you can’t swim or fish, and houses... in which you can’t live. The entry refers to the location:.
Chernobyl accident (Report). 5. Radiation pollution. Chernobyl accident and its consequences Chernobyl. On the night of April 26, 1986, alone. Accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant on April 26, 1986. was the largest V.A. Legasov. This report (INSAG-1) was published in the journal “Atomic.
Abstract: The Chernobyl tragedy and its consequences. Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Belarus Department of Culture of the Vitebsk Regional Executive Committee. Download UNSCEAR reports. Health consequences of radiation exposure resulting from the Chernobyl accident (2008) (pdf). War in Syria · Dutch Security Council report on the crash of MH17 · The situation in Donbass 27 years since the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (5).
Already an hour after the explosion, the radiation situation in Pripyat was obvious. No measures were taken due to the emergency: people had no idea what to do. According to instructions and orders that have existed for 25 years, the decision to evacuate the population from the affected area was required to be made by local authorities.
By the time the Government Commission arrived, it was already possible to evacuate all residents of Pripyat, even on foot. But no one decided to take on such responsibility (for example, the Swedes first of all took all the people out of the area of their power plant, and only then began to find out that the emission did not occur at their plant). Since the morning of April 26, all the roads of Chernobyl were flooded with water and an incomprehensible white solution, everything was white, all the roadsides. Many policemen were brought into the city. But they didn’t do anything - they just settled down near the objects: the post office, the palace of culture.
People were walking everywhere, small children, it was very hot, people were going to the beach, to their dachas, fishing, relaxing on the river near the cooling pond - an artificial reservoir near the nuclear power plant. The first talk about the evacuation of Pripyat appeared on Saturday evening. And at one o'clock in the morning an order came out - to prepare documents for evacuation in 2 hours. On April 27, a directive was published: “Comrades, due to the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the evacuation of the city is announced. Bring with you documents, necessary things and, if possible, food for 3 days. The evacuation begins at 14:00.
“Imagine a convoy of several thousand buses with burning headlights, moving along the highway in 2 rows and taking the entire population of Pripyat - women, old people, adults and newborn babies - out of the radiation zone. Columns of buses were traveling west, towards the village of Polessky, Ivanovo districts neighboring Chernobyl.
So Pripyat turned into a ghost town. View of the destroyed Chernobyl. The evacuation of Pripyat was carried out in an organized and precise manner; almost all evacuees showed restraint. But how can one describe the irresponsibility shown towards the population, when during the day before the evacuation they said nothing and did not forbid children to walk the streets. And the schoolchildren who ran around unsuspectingly on Saturday during breaks? Was it really impossible to save them, to prohibit them from being on the street? Would anyone really condemn politicians for such reinsurance?
Is it surprising that in such a situation of hiding information, some people, succumbing to rumors, decided to leave along the road leading through the “Red Forest” near Chernobyl. Witnesses recalled how women and children moved along this road, practically glowing from radiation.
Be that as it may, it is already clear that the mechanism for making the most important decisions directly related to the preservation of people has not withstood a serious test. It was later revealed that the USSR intelligence services were aware that after the disaster, 3.2 thousand tons of meat and 15 tons of butter would be stored in the Chernobyl radiation zone. The decision they made can hardly be called anything other than criminal: “...meat is subject to processing into canned food with the addition of clean meat. ... be implemented after long-term storage and repeated radiometric control through the public catering network.” When processing livestock from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant release zone, it turned out that part of this meat contained radioactive substances in huge quantities, significantly exceeding the maximum standards... And in order to avoid a large accumulation of radioactive substances in the body of people from consuming contaminated food products, the USSR Ministry of Health ordered as much as possible to disperse this meat more widely throughout the country... to master its processing in meat processing plants in remote regions of the Russian Federation (excluding Moscow), Moldova, Transcaucasia, the Baltic states, Kazakhstan and Central Asia. Later it turned out that the KGB controlled everything. The intelligence services knew that defective Yugoslav equipment was used during the construction of Chernobyl (the same defective equipment was supplied to the Smolensk nuclear power plant).
Several years before the explosion, KGB reports pointed out flaws in the design of the station, cracks in the walls and delamination of the foundation... In 2006, the American research organization Blacksmith Institute published a list of the most polluted places on the planet, in which Chernobyl was in the top ten. As you can see, four places in the top ten are cities of the former Soviet Union. Sumgayit, Azerbaijan.
Linfen, China. Sukinda, India. La Oroya, Peru. Dzerzhinsk, Russia. Norilsk, Russia.
Chernobyl, Ukraine. What is Chernobyl like today? Empty and wild, truly a ghost town... Forbidden, surrounded by barbed wire... Stolen, stolen for scrap metal... There was nothing valuable left in Pripyat.
Gloomy and grey, scary and empty. Dead and having killed many along with him. A lifeless monument to carelessness, irresponsibility and human stupidity. Chernobyl is a ghost town. Currently, there is a Chernobyl museum in Kyiv.
where you can see many interesting exhibits and learn about the tragic history of this place.
We call the whole world that surrounds us nature. This world is amazing, it contains living and nonliving things, both are beautiful and can tell us about the secrets of the world around us. The lesson The world around us is one of the most beloved by students in grades 1, 2, 3, 4. And all because on it the teacher tells what such interesting things are happening around us, how nature works, what animals inhabit the Earth and what benefits they provide to humans. The inanimate world also attracts, only precious stones can captivate you into their extraordinary world of beauty, and space excites even the most spoiled imagination. For all these reasons, writing reports and preparing presentations about the world around us is exciting and entertaining. But sometimes there is sorely not enough time to cope with the pile of homework. Now it's not scary! We offer you ready-made reports and presentations on all topics of the surrounding world for elementary school. Moreover, in grades 1 and 2, preparing such reports is generally the job of parents who have already worked hard for the day. The student’s task: to understand, remember and learn, and if necessary, if additional questions arise on the topic, find supplementary material (students in grades 3-4 should already be able to independently expand the presentation or prepare a short report). All topics of the reports are taken from elementary school textbooks of various programs: in the 1st grade according to the Perspective program (Pleshakov’s textbooks) these are mainly presentations, on our website they are almost in full set on all the topics proposed by Pleshakov; in grades 2-4, Pleshakov has less emphasis on presentations and reports; The presentations of the primary school program of the School of Russia are well covered (there are much fewer topics on the surrounding school of Russia offered by the authors of the textbook). The section is systematically updated with new materials with colorful pictures.
Indoor plants not only decorate the room, they also bring benefits; plants saturate the air with oxygen. But in order for a houseplant to feel good, grow, and not dry out, it is necessary to care for it. Each plant has its own care. Some love the shade, while others thrive in the sun. Some need frequent and abundant watering, while others will wither. Therefore, you need to know the features of caring for and maintaining plants at home. Based on these features, we have compiled our own passport for each plant.
Human health largely depends not only on what is given to him by nature and parents, but also on lifestyle. It’s not for nothing that they say that you need to lead a healthy lifestyle. Some behavior, nutrition, and habits can both worsen and improve health and well-being. Let's consider what can strengthen our health, and what can undermine it and cause illness.
Flax simply helped out many peasants in Rus'. Threads were spun from flax, from which they wove everyday and festive clothes, tablecloths and other household items. Flaxseed oil was obtained from flax seeds, and food was prepared with it. The secrets of growing flax, and then collecting it, processing it, the entire technological process of preparing flax to produce yarn, and then finished textile products - all this was passed down from generation to generation in every peasant family, in every home.
When we say rocks, we mean minerals and rocks. Minerals are natural substances, and rocks are natural compounds of minerals. Stones have helped people out since ancient times. They were used to build homes, tools, and even make weapons in the Stone Age. Some rocks are used as fuel; jewelry was and is still being made from semi-precious and precious stones.
In the Kurgan region, in the village of Maltsevo, Shadrinsky district, there is a house-museum named after Maltsev. The world-famous Russian agronomist Terenty Semenovich Maltsev lived and worked in it. The museum is a large house with a veranda. It used to be a kindergarten, but after the war the house was given to Terenty Semenovich and his family. A long staircase with an observation deck at the top leads to the attic, from which Maltsev could clearly see the fields around the village where he worked.
The animal world is large and diverse. Animals are animals, but adults decided to divide them all into groups according to certain characteristics. The science of classifying animals is called systematics or taxonomy. This science determines family relationships between organisms. The degree of relationship is not always determined by external similarity. For example, marsupial mice are very similar to ordinary mice, and tupai are very similar to squirrels. However, these animals belong to different orders. But armadillos, anteaters and sloths, completely different from each other, are united into one squad. The fact is that family ties between animals are determined by their origin. By studying the skeletal structure and dental system of animals, scientists determine which animals are closest to each other, and paleontological finds of ancient extinct species of animals help to more accurately establish family ties between their descendants.
Write down on a separate sheet of paper a fairy tale about animals, plants or a folk legend about the origin of the name of a natural object - this is one of the creative tasks in the subject “The World Around You”, grade 4, using Pleshakov’s textbook. And if everything is clear with the first part of the task, namely, you can write any fairy tale involving plants and animals, then problems may arise with the second. Namely, the teacher will value folk legends about the origin of the name of a natural object higher than a fairy tale about a turnip or tops and roots copied from a book. Any region is rich in legends, let's get acquainted with some of them.
The art of the people and their creativity invariably reflect their identity and spiritual wealth. One such widely known Russian folk craft is Gzhel. The unsurpassed art of filigree painting on clay products and the peculiarities of the design allow us to confidently call Gzhel the heritage of Russia. This folk craft with a long history is still very popular today. Gzhel not only pleases the eye with its unique and intricate ornamentation, but also immerses you in a mysterious and intriguing fairy-tale world.
A long time ago, people noticed that all animals were treated with herbs. Different plants help against different diseases. For many years in a row, people have passed on knowledge about medicinal plants to their descendants. They compiled thick books: “Herbalists”, “Flower Gardens”, “Zelniki”. Over the years, folk healers have accumulated a lot of knowledge about the beneficial properties of plants. In modern pharmacies you can see a variety of herbs, tinctures, tablets and herbal mixtures. Scientists have obtained many modern medicines from herbs. But medicinal plants still help people against diseases.
The Dymkovo toy is one of the oldest Russian folk clay crafts. It first appeared 400 years ago and has not yet lost its relevance. During this time, the appearance of the Dymkovo toy changed, but the peculiarity of its manufacture, which makes it unique, remained the same. Our story about the Dymkovo toy is intended primarily for children and primary schoolchildren, but interested adults will also find it interesting to read.
For every person, a home is not just a place of solitude and relaxation, but a real fortress that protects from bad weather and allows you to feel comfortable and confident. Any hardships and long journeys are always easier to endure when you know that there is a place in the world where you can hide and where you are expected and loved. People have always strived to make their home as strong and comfortable as possible, even in those times when it was extremely difficult to achieve this. Now the ancient traditional dwellings of this or that people seem dilapidated and unreliable, but at one time they faithfully served their owners, protecting their peace and leisure.
These tasks are found in Pleshakov’s textbooks on the world around us for grade 2, both in the first and second parts of the Perspective and School of Russia programs. The tasks are quite complex, but we will help you find the answers on this page. The tasks perfectly develop the child’s ideas about the world around him and allow him to look for logical connections between the names of the months and natural phenomena or the work of people in spring, winter, summer and autumn. Naturally, when completing this task you cannot do without additional literature or an Internet source. Tell your child the ancient names of the months, but don’t immediately explain why people named them that way, let him think and find the answer.
Since ancient times, the Russian people have been famous not only for their unique and extremely interesting culture, but also for their exciting games for both children and adults. However, time, warriors and the influence of European neighbors gradually eclipsed the ancient Russian games. Now they are beginning to be reborn and never cease to amaze with their liveliness, original ideas and tasks filled with noisy fun. Having learned the simple rules of Russian folk games, you can immerse yourself not only in the exciting world of childhood, but also understand how our ancestors lived and rested.
The atlas for Pleshakov’s textbooks covers almost the entire animal world, from small insects to large mammals. The child will learn to identify animals from pictures, remember their names, and learn to divide animals into groups, that is, classify them. The atlas will be an excellent assistant in preparing lessons on the subject of the world around us in grades 1-2 of primary school, especially according to the Perspective and School of Russia program, which are based on Pleshakov’s textbooks and in them he often refers to searching for material in the atlas-determinant “From Earth to sky."
The solar system is a group of planets revolving in specific orbits around the brightest star, the Sun. This star is the main source of heat and light in the solar system. It is believed that our planetary system was formed as a result of the explosion of one or more stars and this happened about 4.5 billion years ago. At first, the solar system was an accumulation of gas and dust particles, however, over time and under the influence of its own mass, the Sun and other planets arose.
In ancient times, when people did not sit all day long in front of computer entertainment, they invented entertainment for themselves in reality, and this was brought to life in the form of original folk crafts. Someone came up with the idea of painting dishes with only one blue paint - this is how Gzhel appeared, someone began to make beautiful painted lacquered boxes with real paintings on the lid - this craft is called palekh, who began to paint wooden dishes in an original way with gold, black and red and gave rise to Khokhloma . Many folk crafts are known to history. Now many of them are being revived by our contemporaries. According to the science of grandparents, remembering the traditions of their region. Let's talk about folk crafts in more detail.
All life on Earth is usually attributed to either the plant or animal world, however, there are special organisms - mushrooms, which for a long time scientists found it difficult to classify into a specific class. Mushrooms are unique in their structure, mode of life and diversity. They are represented by a huge number of varieties and differ in the mechanism of their existence, even among themselves. Mushrooms were first classified as plants, then as animals, and only recently was it decided to classify them in their own special class.
The author of the atlas is Pleshakov, the same as the textbooks on the subject of the world around us in the Perspective and School of Russia programs. The topic of mushrooms and lichens is studied already in the 2nd grade of primary school. The atlas-identifier is made up of the most common mushrooms growing in Russia; it is perfect for identifying mushrooms in the forest (outside of school); it is easy to find out from it whether the mushroom in front of you is edible or inedible.
The topic “Grass near our house” is studied in the 2nd grade of elementary school according to the Perspective and School of Russia program, textbooks about the world around Pleshakov. There are many plants around, but even an adult will not be able to name them all right away. These include motherwort, bluegrass, and bird's-eye buckwheat; they grow in almost every yard. Some of them are even useful and have been used in medicine for a long time. Let's read more about these plants? And if the teacher assigned a report or presentation, we’ll tell him about what we learned on this page.
The child is introduced to professions in kindergarten, and in the primary grades of school this knowledge is expanded and consolidated. Of course, it is impossible to cover all the professions that exist in the world, but a child should know about the main ones - a doctor, teacher, pilot, cook, carpenter, engineer and others. But, which is not surprising in our age of computer technology, now many children want to become programmers to make games. Well, it’s a good profession, but you need to understand what qualities are required for success in this field. To discuss all these points, the teacher’s task in the subject of the world around us is to write a report or presentation about the future profession that the child has chosen for himself.
Report on violin 5th grade
VIOLIN. The queen of the orchestra, the violin, is the most common bowed string instrument. “It is as necessary an instrument in music as daily bread in human existence,” musicians said about it back in the 17th century. Violins were made in many countries around the world, but the best violin makers lived in Italy, in the city of Cremona. Violins made by the Cremonese masters of the 16th - 18th centuries, Amati, Guarneri and Stradivari, are still considered unsurpassed. The Italians sacredly kept the secrets of their craftsmanship. They knew how to make the sound of violins especially melodious and gentle, similar to the human voice. Not many famous Italian violins have survived to this day, but all of them are strictly registered. The best musicians in the world play them. The body of the violin is very elegant: with smooth curves, a thin “waist”. On the top deck there are beautiful, f-shaped cutouts, which are called f-holes. Both the size and shape of the body, and all its smallest details, even the quality of the varnish with which it covered, carefully thought out. After all, everything affects the sound of a capricious instrument. Attached to the body of the violin is a neck that ends in a curl. In front of the curl, there are holes in the groove into which the pegs are inserted. They tension the strings, which on the other side are tightly fastened to the neck. In the middle of the body, approximately between the f-holes, there is a stand on two legs. Strings pass through it. There are four of them. They are named after the sounds they are tuned to: E, A, D and G or Bass, counting from the highest string. The general range of the violin is from G minor to G fourth octave. The violinist changes the pitch of the sound by pressing the string against the fingerboard with the fingers of his left hand. To make it comfortable to play, he places the violin on his shoulder and holds it with his chin. In his right hand he holds a bow, which he moves along the strings. The bow is also an important detail. The character of the sound largely depends on it. The bow consists of a cane or shaft, at the lower end of which a block is attached. It serves to pull the hair, which on the other side is fixedly attached to the cane. If we hook the string with our finger and then release it, the sound will quickly fade away. The bow can be drawn along the string continuously for a long time, and the sound will also continue continuously. That's why the violin is very melodious. On it you can perform long, flowing melodies, as they sometimes say, “in one breath,” that is, without interrupting them with pauses or caesuras. They say that the violin sings. Indeed, its sound is similar to a tremulous human voice. But she can do more than just sing. There are many different methods, so-called strokes, that are used when playing the violin. You can play not on one, but on two adjacent strings at once. Then two melodies sound. It is impossible to produce more than two sounds at the same time, since the strings are not located flat, but on a rounded stand. However, violinists play chords of three and four notes with a special technique - arpeggiato, beryazov not simultaneously, but one after another, quickly sliding along the strings with a bow. In an orchestra, violins are the main instruments. They are assigned responsible episodes. Remember how often in orchestral plays you can hear the singing of violins; sometimes broad and calm, sometimes excited, and sometimes dramatically intense. And in the Pizzicato Polka of the brothers Johann and Joseph Strauss and some other works, violins are used in a completely unusual way: the performers play them not with a bow, but by plucking the strings with their fingers, like plucked instruments. This technique is called pizzicato.