Legs, as a unique means of human transportation, are exposed to heavy loads every day and the influence of various factors, which often lead to pain. One of the most vulnerable parts of the legs is the foot. Violations of its normal functionality can lead to pain on the rise, both during walking and at rest.
The important functions of the foot are ensured by its complex structure, which consists of 26 bones, as well as many muscles and joints, ligaments and fascia, blood vessels and nerves. The foot cushions the body as it “connects” to the surface. But any, even minor, pathology of one of the components of the foot can lead to the development of pain in the instep of the foot.
The numerous functions of the foot are due to its complex structure. It consists of the tarsal, metatarsal sections and fingers. Thanks to the large number of joints, the foot can flex and extend freely, and rotate at the ankle joint. The bones are surrounded by ligaments, facia and muscles, forming the complete arch of the foot. However, if this integrity is violated under the influence of external or internal factors, subsequently injuries or serious pathologies, the leg hurts when lifting, and quite severely.
Metatarsalgia in the instep of the foot, that is, pain in the metatarsal region, occurs with increased load. There are many reasons for pain in this part of the foot, but the weight of the body that the feet constantly feel when walking affects their functional abilities.
The foot constantly has to withstand the entire load of the human body. At the same time, it performs not only the function of movement when walking, but also the support function in a standing position.
Pain at the top of the foot brings significant discomfort because it causes a feeling of tension and stiffness in a person. The situation can be further aggravated by swelling, which is a frequent accompaniment of pain and does not allow you to wear your favorite shoes. What caused the pain in the instep of the foot, the cause of the disease will be correctly determined by a specialist. Depending on the symptoms and development of the disease, the disease falls under the competence of a traumatologist, rheumatologist, orthopedic specialist or even a surgeon.
The instep of the foot hurts in different ways. The nature of the pain differs in its intensity and duration depending on the cause of the disease. This may be a sharp and severe, throbbing pain, but it may last for a short time (up to several minutes). Sometimes pain in the instep becomes chronic, does not lose its severity for a long time, or becomes dull, but the leg does not stop hurting, aching and causing discomfort.
The lower limbs may swell, the foot increases in size, swelling appears, and the skin changes its structure. The degree of manifestation of these symptoms is determined by the disease, and the attending physician makes a diagnosis, taking into account, first of all, the nature of the pain and accompanying manifestations.
Pain in the instep of the foot is caused by pathologies, injuries and uncomfortable shoes. Pain in the instep is often not a single symptom of the disease. At the same time, the sick person suffers from severe itching and burning in the damaged area of the foot, and numbness in some areas.
There are many reasons why puffiness, pain and swelling occurs in the instep. It’s not uncommon for your legs to hurt after a hard day if you had to constantly move. The leg muscles become overtired, and the bones, adapting to long walking, become somewhat deformed, which causes pain in the evening.
One of the common causes of pain on the top of the foot is poor nutrition, which leads to bone fragility and fractures. Nutrition is of great importance for bone health. If the body does not receive sufficient quantities of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, for example, during restrictions and diets, the bones lack magnesium, calcium and phosphorus. This causes brittleness and fragility of bones. The risk of fractures in such cases increases several times; you can easily break your leg simply by falling, and this will cause severe pain.
The person himself contributes to pain when lifting, leaving his physical form unattended. Weakened ligaments and muscles often lead to leg injuries, dislocation of the feet and joints, and pain.
Women, who are more predisposed to it, especially suffer from pain in the legs. Women often have pain in their legs due to hormonal changes in the body. During pregnancy, a woman’s legs feel double pressure, her legs hurt and there is a lack of calcium, which is excreted in large quantities during breastfeeding and after childbirth. Menopause leads to various leg diseases and fractures as calcium in a woman's body decreases by one percent every year.
Summarizing all the reasons why the leg hurts when lifting, experts identify several of the most common:
The appearance of pain in the instep is also affected by excess weight, which puts additional stress on the ankle area of the legs.
A common disease characterized by pain when lifting is osteoporosis. It is characterized by the fact that it does not manifest itself in any other way than pain in the feet. The leg hurts when at rest, the discomfort increases with movement, the leg hurts especially in the area of the bone when pressing on it.
Osteoporosis develops, according to doctors, due to the leaching of calcium and phosphorus from the bones. The disease may be associated with a general deficiency of minerals in the human body, changes in bone tissue with age, excessive stress due to extra pounds, pregnancy and diseases of the endocrine system.
Treatment of the pathology requires a decrease in physical activity and normalization of nutrition. The patient needs a diet that includes foods rich in vitamin D and minerals, as well as calcium supplements. For endocrine disorders, hormonal therapy is prescribed.
Intense pain on top of the foot causes arthritis. They cause destructive processes in the joints and balls of the foot, and can be triggered by various reasons. Infectious and non-infectious joint diseases include arthritis of the reactive or infectious-allergic type, rheumatoid, rheumatic and gouty types, infectious arthritis and Reiter's syndrome.
Whatever the cause of any of the arthritis, the instep always hurts. My toes hurt. The feet may swell and the joints become less mobile. With infectious arthritis, an increase in body temperature and changes in the blood are observed. Untimely treatment leads to a chronic form of the pathology.
Constantly wearing uncomfortable shoes leads to curvature of the foot, the appearance of hallux valgus and deformation of the big toes. The balls of the feet have to constantly withstand heavy loads from high heels; over time, the ligaments and muscles weaken, and the arch of the foot changes shape. The metatarsal bones in the rise of the legs bend outward from constant pressure, forming a valgus angle. The head of the metatarsal joint becomes thinner, curved, begins to swell and regularly causes pain.
“Equine” or equine foot is characterized by pain on the instep of the foot. Flexion and extension of the foot brings pain. A person cannot step on the entire foot; he rests on his toe, heel, or side surface. Such a deformity can be either a congenital curvature or an acquired one.
Occurs due to abnormal development of the embryo, contracture of the ankle joints, consequences of poliomyelitis, damage to the sciatic nerve. With this disease, the skin on the feet folds into rough folds, the legs hurt and are deformed at the fulcrum, the foot gradually changes its structure.
A popular foot disease in women that causes pain in the instep is hallux valgus. It is caused by women's love for high heels and tapered socks.
When you receive a bruise, the injured area must first be frozen and then warmed up; iodine mesh also helps. When a sprain occurs, the doctor prescribes a painkiller and anti-inflammatory drug and secures the foot with a tight bandage. When a ligament ruptures, the pain on the instep is so severe that it does not allow the person to stand on his leg. The same goes for a broken foot. X-rays help determine the extent of injury. In these cases, the doctor uses special individual treatment.
An inexperienced person without medical education may confuse the reasons that cause pain on the top of the foot. Therefore, it is better to refuse the advice of friends, as well as Internet users. It is worth undergoing a competent diagnosis in a medical institution, which will show what to do next with the pain and what treatment methods to use.
Often, pain in the instep of the foot is explained by leg injuries. Common injuries are bruises, which cause bruising and swelling of the foot.
There are many causes of pain in the feet, and there are plenty of types of pain. Not all patients turn to an orthopedist, aggravating their condition. A program is being developed for patients to help cure foot pain when walking.
Before treatment, you need to carefully study the cause of pain. The doctor carefully examines the area of pain and interviews the patient.
To prescribe treatment, the cause of the pain is determined and the area of origin is analyzed. Let's consider the causes of pain in the foot.
Not all causes of foot pain when walking are listed. There is also gout and Achilles tendon injuries, but the main signs and causes of pain in the foot area have been sorted out.
To understand in detail, let’s look at each type separately:
People are easily susceptible to infections, especially if the body is weakened by other factors. The affected area can be directed to the joint, foot, fingers. After a thorough examination, you should begin treatment. Pain in the feet occurs due to curvature of the spine, varicose veins extending to the toes. In all these cases, you need to consult a doctor.
If you have foot pain, your doctor will perform a series of diagnostic tests. The doctor is obliged to conduct a survey to familiarize himself with the problem and find out the symptoms.
For a complete picture, the doctor prescribes an x-ray from several sides. First, the right side is photographed, then the leg is taken from above so that the arch is visible. If the picture remains incomplete, the doctor will prescribe an MRI, this will help determine abnormalities in the soft tissues and examine the tendons. After this, the doctor will prescribe the correct treatment for the patient.
Treatment depends on the pathology; if the joint is affected, surgery is sometimes required. Treatment is divided into several types - medication, physiotherapy, surgery. For burning pain near the fingers, in the joint, the doctor may prescribe antibiotics and a wide range of corticosteroids. In case of injury - warming and painkillers.
Sometimes the doctor prescribes applying compresses to the affected area if the joint hurts. If there is pain in the legs of an uncertain nature, and the person is overweight, the doctor advises to lose excess weight and adhere to a special diet.
The way to get rid of pain is additional therapy, represented by a complex of exercise therapy. This is effective and relieves pain on the arch and joint. The complex increases the strength of soft tissues, bones, and improves the functionality of the muscles in the legs.
Shock wave therapy is effective, helping in the treatment of soft tissues and relieving the arch of the leg from pain. Having a high instep and choosing inappropriate shoes puts the impact on the arch. For prevention, you should take care of the correct selection of shoes; the middle of the arch suffers the most.
If treatment does not give the necessary results, the only option is surgery. After treating the soft tissues on your legs, take care of preventive measures so that the disease does not recur in the future. Pay attention to the arch, this may be a sign of serious diseases; the leg begins to hurt not from the foot. At an early age, the bones are not so formed, the arch is subject to deformation first, and then the impact affects the soft tissues. After identifying the first signs, you should consult a doctor.
In the human body, the hip joint plays an important role, since it is this part that bears a huge and long-term load. In addition, it is able to maintain the body's balance and support most of its weight. Moreover, the hip joint allows movement. That is why pain in it causes severe discomfort and can even interfere with normal life activities. Such symptoms require careful examination and immediate treatment.
When the hip begins to hurt severely, most likely, we are talking about damage to the joint . Quite often, the cause of unpleasant sensations is defects in nearby tissues or structures: bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons and fascia. Moreover, injuries in the area of the hip joint can be accompanied not only by pain in it, but also spread all the way to the lower leg. Sometimes, on the contrary, no pain occurs in the leg, but it covers the lumbar segment of the vertebra.
In most cases, discomfort in this proximal joint occurs along with stiffness when walking or moving. With this disease, it is difficult to perform lateral movements and flex the hip.
Conventionally, the causes of hip pain can be divided into the following categories:
But pain in the leg of the hip joint does not occur alone; as a rule, it spreads to the thigh , spreading in some cases to the knee. There are many factors that provoke discomfort in the hip joint, however, most often this occurs due to injury.
The femoral neck is a fairly vulnerable part of the joint , so fractures often occur. This problem mainly affects older people, as their bones become brittle and weak due to osteoporosis. At a younger age, a similar fracture can occur after a traffic accident, sports or work injury.
Often the hip joint is subject to dislocation , which occurs when the acetabulum is underdeveloped. In such a situation, the head of the hip bone falls outside its boundaries. Most often, such injuries occur during falls, work injuries or accidents. The key sign of a dislocation is intense pain in the hip joint.
With subluxation, the causes and symptoms are the same as for dislocations , however, they are less pronounced. That is why such a problem is considered dangerous, because with it the leg begins to hurt only when walking, without giving a signal about the need to urgently contact a specialist.
During pregnancy, the leg in the hip joint can also become sore, since the baby growing in the womb takes a huge amount of calcium from the mother’s body. All this makes the bones very fragile. Moreover, as the child’s weight increases, the pressure on the woman’s hip joints, which are already under enormous stress, increases.
Dysplasia also causes pain in the leg. With this pathology, joint deviation occurs , and it can also lead to the formation of subluxations and dislocations. In most cases, this condition occurs in newborn babies, when the joints are at the wrong angle, thereby limiting the range of movement of the legs.
When there are no external causes of pain in the hip joint, but there is constant discomfort, there is a high probability of the development of a pathological process.
This disease is widespread ; its symptoms, according to statistics, can be detected in every hundredth person in old age. Although today arthritis occurs even in thirty-year-old people. With this problem, a person experiences severe pain in the leg on the affected side, and there is also discomfort in the groin area, sometimes spreading to the knee and thigh. The main signs of arthritis include an attack of acute pain when trying to get up.
Similar symptoms appear in those who suffer from rheumatoid arthritis. The development of this disease is provoked by rheumatism. The peculiarity of this pathology is the symmetry of the lesion. Rheumatoid arthritis affects both the left and right hip joints.
Large joints in the body are surrounded by small sacs, in other words, bursae, containing synovial fluid inside. They are necessary to reduce friction on the bones that form the joint. There are two main bursae between the thigh and pelvic bones. The first is located in the groin area on the outside of the thigh, and the other is located at the trochanter on the femur. Inflammatory processes usually appear in the trochanteric bursa. This happens for a variety of reasons.
There are several risk factors for developing bursitis:
Trochanteric bursitis makes itself felt by sharp pain , which is localized deep in the thigh, moving to the outer surface. After some time, pain may occur in other parts of the pelvis and thigh, which becomes more intense at night, when sitting, walking for a long time, or leaning on the injured leg. It also gets worse when lying on your side.
This disease occurs quite often . The risk group usually includes people of middle age. Coxarthrosis can be asymptomatic, however, the first signs of the disease appear at the earliest stages. With this illness, a person begins to experience pain in the hip joint on the left or right side, and sometimes on both at once.
Pain is disturbing as the pathology develops. There are three degrees of disease in total . Severe discomfort occurs in the second stage. The patient begins to complain of pain when turning the body and at the beginning of movement, radiating to the groin and knee. The muscles in the affected area are tense all the time. Moreover, they do not weaken even in sleep, so often unpleasant sensations in the hip joint with deforming arthrosis appear at night.
If an infection has entered the body , then the nature of the pain changes. They become more acute and are accompanied by increased temperature, hyperemia of the skin and swelling in the femoral area. Sometimes, due to pain, it is even impossible to touch the joint. Treatment in this case is carried out only in an infectious diseases hospital. After suppressing the pathological process, the unpleasant sensations go away on their own.
Inflammation of the tendons most often occurs in people who are constantly exposed to physical activity, athletes are especially susceptible to the disease. During tendinitis, severe pain appears in the leg with heavy loads or active movements. Moreover, they may not exist at low loads.
Pathologies of the hip joint are often hereditary . In this situation we are talking about Legg Calve Perthes disease. It occurs mainly in children, predominantly boys. This ailment is one-sided, in other words, unpleasant sensations appear in the left or right hip joint. Often this pathology manifests itself as pain in the knee, and not in the hip.
Aching pain may not be associated with problems in the joint . Sometimes they are caused by tumors in bone or muscle tissue. The nature of the pain depends on the type of tumor (malignant or benign) and its location.
If you experience discomfort in the hip joint, you need to take some measures. You can place an ice pack on the sore spot. Cold will help soothe joint pain. First, place a towel on your thigh and then apply ice to the affected area. It must be held for at least 15 minutes. When pain occurs as a result of an injury, and is also acute, cold cubes will have to be placed on the thigh every hour. True, if the pain is chronic, as during arthritis, twice a day is enough.
After two days of ice treatment, you can proceed to warming procedures . A regular electric heating pad will do for this. It is better to set it to medium heat, the main thing is not to fall asleep with it. A warm bath can also help relieve pain in the hip joint. The water in it should be above 32 degrees.
Then the affected area must be rubbed with ointment. When rubbed, tense thigh muscles relax . You should try Fastum-gel and similar products. But you cannot use ointments that contain menthol along with a heating pad, as you can get severe burns.
After this, you need to take painkillers:
If the dosage indicated on the package does not help get rid of pain in the hip joint, it is better not to risk it and consult a specialist.
The first thing a doctor does is send a patient with such pain in the hip joint for an X-ray examination. It is its result that will help determine the exact cause of their appearance. Only after this can a specialist prescribe complex therapy. As a rule, different treatment methods are used to get rid of pain in the hip. The patient must first remain in bed. With such an illness, nothing can be done. A state of rest will calm the pain, and recovery will come faster.
Also, when your leg hurts in the hip joint, you can use an elastic bandage . True, it is worth wearing it only if the symptoms of the disease begin to disappear. It is advisable to spend as much time as possible motionless in order to relieve the joint from various loads.
An equally effective method is treatment with medications . Ointments with an analgesic effect will help relieve pain: Diclofenac, Ibuprofen and others. The doctor also prescribes anti-inflammatory drugs for the patient to take orally.
An excellent method for restoring an affected hip is massage. This procedure has become an integral part of complex therapy. Massaging movements should not cause discomfort or pain. People with similar problems are recommended to undergo about 10 massage sessions.
During the rehabilitation period, it is imperative to perform therapeutic exercises . But exercises with damage to the hip joint should be performed only under the supervision of a specialist. By the way, for most joint pathologies, the most suitable sport is swimming.
It should be remembered that the leg in the hip joint can hurt not only due to the development of diseases. In many cases, they become the consequences of poor weather conditions, improper and inadequate nutrition. That is why it is necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle and always be in a good mood. In addition, you should not forget to regularly perform physical therapy.
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All organs and systems in the human body are interconnected. If a disturbance occurs in one place, it can lead to unpleasant symptoms in a completely different place. For example, if your big toe hurts, the doctor may suspect problems with the cardiovascular system. And this is far from the only reason for pain. Treatment is prescribed based on diagnostic results and is aimed at eliminating the root cause.
All kinds of injuries, excess weight, the use of uncomfortable shoes and even poor nutrition can provoke heaviness, pain and numbness of the lower extremities. A large and painful lump growing on the side of the foot, swelling at the nail and various unpleasant sensations during touch or movement, for example, when walking, appear due to the following reasons:
Often the causes of pain in the big toe are hidden behind the development of a number of diseases, for example, arthritis. Its symptoms are: decreased mobility of the phalanx, its swelling and redness. Arthritis can be:
Rehabilitation doctor Sergei Nikolaevich Agapkin tells more about the causes, symptoms and treatment of arthritis:
Changes in the structure and functioning of the joint can occur due to the development of such pathological conditions:
In situations where the thumb is swollen, it can be assumed that there are serious problems. The following pathological processes can cause swelling of the pad of the thumb:
In the video, the doctor talks about the symptoms and treatment of gout:
Doctors note that the joint of the big toe often hurts if arthrosis or arthritis develops. It is important to remember that timely detection of pathology and the beginning of its treatment allows you to quickly get rid of unpleasant sensations. Without the necessary therapy, the joint will wear out and the only treatment will be surgery.
The cause of aching pain or a burning sensation near the bone of the big toe is often an injury to the ankle ligaments due to large body weight or high load on the joints of the feet.
Discomfort when pressing on a nail or phalanx of a finger can be caused by corns, improperly done pedicure, ingrowth of the nail plate into soft tissue, failure to comply with hygiene rules, damage to the cuticle or fungal infection. In this case, the soft tissues swell, become red and are very painful. If signs of purulent infection appear, it is important to consult a doctor immediately to avoid significant damage to the joint.
In the video, neurologist Dmitry Nikolaevich Shubin and cardiologist German Shaevich Gandelman figure out how to choose the right shoes:
For women, a specific cause of foot pain is narrow shoes that are incorrectly selected in size. This pair puts a lot of pressure on your finger. As a result of pressure, not only blood circulation is impaired, but also deformation occurs. Pressure is also increased by walking in high heels. This position of the leg is not physiological. Therefore, the nerve endings are pinched and a large load is placed on the fingertips. If such loads are applied to the foot for a long time, it becomes deformed.
Before prescribing treatment, the doctor must understand the cause of the pain or swelling of the thumb. This is often caused by injury (blow or sprain). To reduce discomfort, it is necessary to provide complete rest to the foot for a while. In this case, you can use ointments with an anesthetic and vascular effect.
Acute, twitching pain and swelling appear near the joint when a nail grows and has begun to fester. To treat the pathology, the doctor will recommend using antiseptics and baths based on folk remedies (chamomile or celandine decoction). Such procedures will help relieve inflammation and pain under the big toe nail. You also need to immobilize the affected area. For this purpose, there is an orthopedic splint - a leg pad.
If any discomfort occurs near the thumb, it is important to immediately consult a doctor to identify the cause and begin treatment. To begin with, you can visit a therapist who, by prescribing an examination, will be able to determine what is causing the discomfort in the area of the joint of the big toe.
Diagnostics consists of:
After identifying the cause of the discomfort, the patient will be sent to a specialist. If an injury is detected, see a traumatologist; if there is foot deformity or arthrosis, see an orthopedic surgeon; if hormonal disorders in the body are detected, see an endocrinologist. Only after this the doctor will be able to prescribe a course of therapy.
When big toes hurt near the nail, the patient requires mandatory treatment, which will be based on the results of the examination. The course of therapy is always aimed at eradicating the main cause that led to discomfort.
Sometimes, if a toenail is cut incorrectly, it can begin to grow into the surrounding soft tissue, which causes the patient a lot of discomfort. Because of this pathology, which occurs not only in adults, but also in children, the finger becomes red and swollen. At the same time, standing on your feet becomes more and more difficult.
Physician Elena Vasilievna Malysheva and surgeon Oleg Emmanuilovich Lutsevich discuss how to solve the problem of ingrown toenails:
A nail that has begun to grow in needs to be cut correctly. To do this, you need to contact a surgeon who can teach the patient to do it independently. The same service is offered by various salons that provide pedicures. Its cost depends on the specific institution.
Getting an injury to your leg is quite simple; you just need to hit a heavy object with it, place your leg incorrectly, etc. As a result, not only a bruise or hematoma can appear, but also a sprain, dislocation or even a fracture. Injuries should be treated by a qualified surgeon using a cast on the thumb. In case of a bruise or sprain, the doctor will recommend an ointment that will help eliminate pain and inflammation in the damaged area.
Deformation of the toe can be caused by: hereditary factors, flat feet and disturbances in the functioning of the endocrine system. Treatment of the pathology involves the use of an orthopedic pad, which allows for displacement of the joint. Additionally, anti-inflammatory and painkillers are used.
Surgeon Alexey Vasilyevich Maksimov tells more about hallux valgus and its treatment:
Folk remedies will help alleviate the patient’s condition: applications of medical bile, a mixture of ammonia and red pepper, or baths with turpentine.
The disease is caused by inflammation of the leg joint. The cause of the disease is the penetration of bacteria into the bone. Sometimes autoimmune causes of the disease are diagnosed.
In the case of infectious arthritis, the patient requires treatment with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs. A course of exercise therapy helps restore the mobility of the leg joints.
When an autoimmune cause of the disease is identified, the doctor recommends constant monitoring of the patient’s condition and supportive therapy.
The video provides tips for treating arthritis with folk remedies:
Traditional medicine offers its own methods of treating the disease: a compress of raw potatoes, wrapping the leg in the area of the affected joint with the leaves of some plants (cabbage or burdock), which are ground until the juice appears. Foot baths made from sea salt and a decoction of birch leaves are considered effective. Herbalists suggest taking herbal tinctures from yarrow, tansy, calamus, elderflower or horse sorrel root internally.
The pathology is an inflammation of the joint of the toe, which causes its deformation. Gradually, connective tissue increases, and joint mobility decreases. The cause of the disease is infectious processes and injuries that provoke deformation of the joints on the leg.
Treatment of arthrosis involves an integrated approach:
To prevent the toes from touching each other, the patient is recommended to use orthopedic pads.
In case of severe arthrosis, surgery is indicated. If you do not pay attention to the pathology in time, then deformation of the foot gradually begins to occur.
The cause of the disease is the accumulation of uric acid. This compound causes inflammation of joints throughout the body, including the toes. At the initial stage, a person feels pain only during rest. However, if the pathology progresses for a long time, the patient is deprived of the opportunity to move and work normally.
Dr. Alexander Leonidovich Myasnikov answers the question about the treatment of gout:
Gout is not easy to treat, but its progression can be prevented. Medicines and a special diet recommended by a rheumatologist can help relieve pain and other symptoms of the disease.
To remove uric acid salts, traditional medicine uses a decoction of red madder root. Their use may cause discomfort in the bladder area.
Such diseases include endarteritis, atherosclerosis, etc. All of them are associated with impaired circulation in the legs, therefore treatment will be associated with its resumption. To do this, you need to use vitamins, hormonal and anti-inflammatory ointments. If the patient is bothered by acute pain, the doctor may perform a novocaine blockade.
The development of the disease always negatively affects the health of the legs. On the thumbs you may notice dry skin, ulcers and a burning sensation.
The video gives a recipe for how to lower blood sugar at home:
To get rid of limb damage, it is important to normalize sugar levels in the body. Additionally, ointments are used that soften and heal damaged skin. Patient reviews prove their effectiveness.
To avoid a situation where the big toe is swollen and begins to hurt, you need to follow the preventive rules:
In the video, doctors advise how to monitor your weight without scales:
This is the only way to keep your feet healthy for many years.