Mammography is a type of diagnosis that is a screening study of the condition of the mammary gland, the purpose of which is to identify benign and malignant neoplasms, including cancerous tumors. At what age do mammograms begin? Let's talk!
A woman needs to undergo this examination regularly for preventive purposes. Doctors recommend using this type of diagnosis no more than 1–2 times a year from 40–45 years of age. It is at this age that most cancers are detected.
Doctors have long found out that there is no reason to undergo mammography before the age of 40, because the result will be uninformative and sometimes unreliable. Therefore, at this age, it is preferable to use ultrasound as a diagnostic method.
Mammography is not performed for women under 40 years of age for the following reasons:
In young women, the breast tissue is so elastic and dense that the pathology simply will not be visible in the image.
There is a high probability of obtaining a false positive result when the preliminary diagnosis is not confirmed during further examination.
Low risk of developing a malignant tumor at this age.
Studies have shown that the likelihood of developing breast cancer increases after a woman has undergone screening. This does not mean that mammography is harmful and can provoke the development of a tumor. This happens due to the existing error in the results of the study at a young age. The tumor is not detected in time, which means a biopsy is not prescribed. As a result, the disease progresses uncontrollably and can lead to the death of the patient.
If a woman is not at risk, she should not undergo mammography until she reaches 40 years of age. But this is the case if no one in her maternal family had breast, genital or pancreatic cancer.
There is a risk group for breast cancer. Women included in it should begin undergoing examination before the age of 40, especially if there are concomitant diseases - benign tumors in the mammary gland.
Risk factors for developing cancer include:
If a mammologist assesses a woman’s risk of developing cancer as high, it is recommended to seek advice from a geneticist. It will help you find out about the presence or absence of a mutated gene. It is also necessary to take a blood test. Experts will extract the DNA to look at the structure of the genes. Conducting the study and waiting for results usually takes from 5 to 20 days.
If the study determines that the risk of developing a cancerous tumor is high, the doctor will recommend that the woman undergo a mammogram annually. Additionally, it is also worth using the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method. This type of study allows you to obtain additional information about the existing tumor, its location, size and extent of spread.
If the risk is assessed by a specialist as average, then an MRI may not be done, but an annual mammogram is necessary.
As an exception, the study is carried out if:
If at least one of the above symptoms is present, it is recommended to have a mammogram before age 40.
Doctors still have not given a clear answer to the question of at what age should one begin to be regularly examined by a mammologist. But, according to research, the optimal age is 50 years. From this point on, mammograms are recommended until approximately age 70. For older women, the feasibility of the study is decided by the attending physician on an individual basis.
Most experts advise women over the age of forty to have a mammogram every 1–2 years. For those over 50 years old, it is best to have the test done at least once a year.
At any age, a woman needs, along with a routine examination by a gynecologist, to be screened for breast cancer if there is a hereditary factor, especially when the disease was detected in a relative before menopause. In this case, experts consider it rational to start doing mammography regularly from the age of 35. This is due to the increased risk of malignant neoplasms.
An early start to annual examinations is also necessary for those women who have been diagnosed with BRCA 1 or 2 genes, as they are responsible for the development of cancer. To eliminate the risk, examinations can be prescribed as early as 25 years of age and annually thereafter. These women should also undergo genetic testing. After this, treatment may be prescribed as a preventive measure.
Along with mammography, it is equally important to conduct regular breast self-examination. If you have the slightest suspicion of a lump in the breast, thickening of the skin in the area of the gland, or if there is discharge, you should seek medical help. The doctor may prescribe unscheduled diagnostics.
You should definitely undergo a mammogram if:
A screening study helps to identify a dangerous disease at a very early stage, when neither the woman herself nor the specialists suspect the presence of a pathological process. However, doctors do not recommend unnecessarily abusing mammography due to the radiation received during the procedure.
The question of kindergarten is the most exciting topic for young mothers. The law allows you to be on parental leave until your child is three years old. BUT there are situations when mom needs to go to work much earlier.
At what age are they admitted to a nursery and is it worth sending a child there? Theoretically, you can send your baby to a nursery group or nursery school from the age of 9 months. There is only one condition here. The baby should be able to ask to go to the potty and do his business there, as well as eat on his own.
If your child is not able to hold a spoon and convey at least half of its contents to his mouth, and cannot clearly enough let the teacher know that he needs pee-pee or ah-ah, then either urgently teach him to do this, or wait for that moment when the child masters these skills. Add to this the following factor: the child falls asleep on his own or requires lullabies and rocking.
It's not even a matter of the teachers' capriciousness. There are up to 24 kids in a group. And there is only one teacher. There is not much time allocated for food. About half an hour. The teacher simply physically cannot feed everyone with a spoon. During quiet time, the child will also be required to be quite independent. Sometimes children cry when it is not their mother who puts them to bed, but their teacher. They require a lullaby. This behavior prevents other babies from sleeping peacefully. Which disrupts the daily routine.
If you really have a hopeless situation, then try as much as possible to teach your baby to be independent and be able to ask the teacher for help. Just don't overdo it in your zeal. You should not cause psychological trauma to a child because of some conventions. It’s better to weigh all the pros and cons once again. It may turn out that the reasons are not so serious as to take the child to kindergarten so early.
If at nine months it is very problematic, it will be quite difficult for the baby. Then at one and a half years there is a greater chance that the child will easily adapt. In any case, by this age, many people calmly go to the potty. Or, as a last resort, they can clearly let the teacher know about their needs. Only the psychological preparation of the baby and teaching him to be independent needs to begin in advance, from 8-9 months.
A year and a half is one of the transition periods. At this age, the baby is in dire need of parental attention, care and love. And if you see that adaptation is extremely difficult or does not work out at all, then it is better to abandon the idea of a nursery. Or take your child part-time.
Flying has long become a habit for young passengers. Modern airlines are expanding their range of services for children and their parents every year to make travel as comfortable as possible. Of course, a lot depends on the age of the child and the preparedness of adults in this matter.
Let's first look at what age a child can fly on an airplane, and then we'll look at the basic rules of flying.
There are cases when you have to fly with an infant or newborn due to forced circumstances. And many modern parents are of the opinion that several hours in the air will not harm their baby.
If your pediatrician has given permission for air travel, you can safely hit the road. The airline will not object. It is believed that the younger the baby is, the easier he can bear such a load.
Previously, pediatricians allowed only those babies who were one year old to fly. Modern airplanes allow even a month-old passenger to travel comfortably by air.
Some airlines still stipulate that the small passenger must be older than 7 days.
Previously, parents were wary of their children flying on their own. This has become the norm these days, demand has created supply. Airlines around the world allow independent travel for young passengers. But each air carrier sets its own rules.
In order not to encounter a surprise at the last moment, it is worth studying the offers of various airlines:
At what age can children fly on an airplane if they have to make a transfer? From 5 to 8 years old, children can only fly on non-stop flights; from 8 to 11 years old (in some cases up to 12 years old) transfers are allowed under the supervision of staff; from 12-15 years old, you can transfer from board to board independently.
All airlines require that when purchasing a ticket, parents are notified that the teenager is flying alone. You will also need to fill out a standard form indicating the route and the meeting person if the passenger is under 13 years old.
According to Russian law, for a foreign flight, persons under 18 years of age must have certified parental consent in writing. The document indicates the country of residence and terms. Without this, the young passenger will not be allowed on the international flight.
Any adult passenger has the right to place a baby under two years of age on his lap without issuing a separate travel document. The baby is not provided with a separate seat, that is, the entire trip, he will be held in his arms. However, free luggage space is not provided.
Some international flights may charge up to 10% extra on an adult ticket, even if the child is not assigned a seat.
Remember that for the second and subsequent small passengers you will have to pay at the carrier's rate. Various airlines provide discounts on children's tickets depending on the destination, seasonality, age of the child and fare plan - from 25 to 50%, plus 20 kg of luggage.
Standard rules apply to free baggage allowance. For passengers with small children, the carrier is obliged to provide the most comfortable and safe seats on board.
The more necessary things you put in your bag, the easier the flight will be. You need to focus primarily on the individual characteristics of the child. Here are some recommendations:
According to the rules, you cannot bring liquids on board exceeding 100 ml, except for baby food. Therefore, you can safely take juices and purees for babies.
For breastfed babies, the question of feeding is the simplest. For the “artificial” ones, you will have to stock up on a thermos with boiling water to dilute the mixture. As a last resort, you can ask the flight attendant to bring boiling water.
For older children, some airlines offer children's menus on select flights. But this service is not always available. If your child is picky, you can take provisions from home and ask the flight attendant to heat up the food.
Every airline has an escort service. Specially trained flight attendants look after little passengers. “Good fairies” will feed, entertain and calm you down if necessary.
The service works simply:
The accompanying documents must include the personal information of the person meeting you. This information will be verified when handing over the child at the destination. The person meeting you must have documents with a photo to identify him.
The cost of the service depends on the carrier, destination and age of the child. The tariff varies from 50 to 100 euros.
In addition, some airlines provide special waiting rooms for children, comfortable lounges for mother and child, and a special children's menu on board.
The Dutch airline KLM has developed a special program for young travelers (from 5 years old) - Junior Jet. Each child receives a badge, and with it the status of a privileged passenger during independent air travel. Throughout the flight, they receive increased attention and care from the staff.
To fly a baby, you need much more equipment, so their transportation is strictly regulated by the rules for transporting children on an airplane in Russia:
Traveling with children is doubly pleasant because of the feeling of a family idyll, and air carriers accommodate parents halfway, making it as comfortable as possible.
The main thing is to prepare for the flight by studying all the rules and possibilities.
Now you know at what age a child can fly on an airplane, and you have also become acquainted with the services of different companies. Finally, watch the video, it talks about the rules, as well as what you can take on a plane with a child.
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Surely you will not raise your eyebrows in surprise if you find out that the situation on the road today leaves much to be desired. Every year, millions of car accidents occur in the world, people die, are injured, remain permanently disabled , and this is a tragedy on a global scale, and it is also a call to be careful on the road.
With the birth of children, parents are concerned about children safe while being transported in the car. And if for adults forgetting to fasten their seat belt is in the order of things, then with kids everything is different.
A car seat was invented specifically for driving in comfortable conditions. It can be successfully replaced with a booster. The first examples of car seats were released 80 years ago in the USA, and then quickly gained popularity around the world. A car seat is a mandatory attribute for transporting children, regulated by traffic rules.
Some people are confused about what a booster , however, when your kids grow up, you will have to find out what it is. If your children are eager to ride like adults, then offer an alternative to a car seat - a modern booster seat. This device is compact, convenient, and takes up much less space than a car seat.
The European classification assumes that a booster for children is designed for group 2/3. A booster is a very useful thing, suitable for children whose weight ranges from 15 to 45 kilograms .
I must say that the price of the booster is pleasing to the eye, but, unfortunately, most of them do not have an increased degree of protection. Therefore, it is better to give preference to high-quality models from well-known manufacturers.
A booster is a special device that looks like nothing more than a simple seat with soft armrests. The seat height in the vehicle can be successfully adjusted. Due to the fact that the seat is ultra-compact, it is convenient to take it with you on trips. After installation is completed, the diagonal of the belt must be placed on the child’s chest.
If your child’s height is already more than 150 cm , then you don’t need to use special devices. The child's body weight must be more than 36 kg. It was the Americans who took care of introducing such a useful thing as a booster.
This is a kind of modification of a car seat, in translation Boost means “increase, build up.” The booster can be made using various materials; the top of the structure is upholstered with fabric. The booster is also equipped with a special attachment system to the car seat.
The material from which the device is made directly determines comfort while traveling, as well as the long service life of the product.
Based on the material from which the booster can be made, devices are divided into:
So that you can visualize what you have to deal with, we recommend that you familiarize yourself with the main pros and cons of car boosters.
So, a booster car seat boasts the following advantages:
The car booster has the following disadvantages:
If you are wondering at what age you can use a car booster, then let’s try to bring clarity and transparency to this matter. As a rule, car boosters are classified in group 2-3 . Don’t think that the child’s age has absolutely nothing to do with it.
Group 2-3 includes boosters in which you can transport children aged 3 to 12 years, whose weight is in the range of 15-36 kg. It’s safe to say that the booster is a universal, multi-faceted item that can be used for a long time.
There is no single answer to the question at what age children can be transported in a booster seat. The size plays a big role here .
When purchasing a device, pay close attention to two parameters:
If the child's weight varies from 15 to 36 kg , then you can safely turn your attention to a car booster.
For many parents, the most important thing is not to endanger and protect their child from injury. Therefore, you should choose a buser with special care and pickiness.
So what factors should you rely on when purchasing a car seat:
Companies that produce children's high chairs and swings, as a rule, specialize in the production of car boosters:
Many naively believe that you can use a pillow as an alternative to a booster! You are deeply mistaken if you think so! After all, ensuring safety while traveling is the main task facing the driver. Therefore, you cannot do without a special holding device. I think you won’t go broke buying a booster for your child, because we are talking about the life and health of the baby!
Transporting children under 12 years of age is prohibited . If you transport children without restraints, you may be fined . Remember that a pillow is only for sleeping, and carrying children on it is stupid, ridiculous and dangerous to health!
If you intend to travel with your child in a taxi, then take a booster with you ! Do you want to protect your little blood from all sides so that nothing threatens it? Then a class 2-3 buster is one of the best options that will support the back, head and body of a little person.
If your baby has grown up and refuses to ride in a car seat, then a booster seat is truly a godsend for you and your child. The children's bus will fit perfectly into the interior of the car and provide adequate protection in the event of an accident. In a word, with the booster your baby will be as if behind a stone wall!
“At what age can you play Minecraft?” — this question arises among parents who are deciding whether to allow their children to play Minecraft.
To answer this question, you can first turn to the official ratings of the game. The European Video Game Rating System has rated the game as suitable for children aged 7 years and older.
The age limit is justified: “Unrealistic cruelty towards fictional characters. Images or sounds that may frighten children. Unrealistic-looking cruelty towards characters that are human-like (but not detailed).”
Translated into understandable terms, this means that the game is generally harmless, but it contains weapons (swords and bows), and the player is attacked by “monsters” - spiders, zombies, skeletons, creepers, etc. Considering the very style of the game, all these creatures look like a jumble of rectangles, with a stretched texture, and naturally there is no detailing - blood, etc. They killed a pig - it fell and then disappeared, dissolving in a cloud of smoke. At the same time, the game contains unexpected elements and the unexpected appearance of a spider (or some other creature), accompanied by a corresponding sound, can scare a child. Like any unexpected event.
At the same time, we must not forget that, like most modern games, this game has the ability to play online. And in this case, additional risks arise associated with communication with other people. A child can become a victim of cyber-bullying, encounter unfair commerce on game servers, and generally learn a lot of new words (which have not yet been taught at school).
The Realms service can be a good alternative to playing on servers. It is good because it allows you, without any special tricks, to get a game server at your disposal, to which you can invite only those you want - relatives and friends, for example.
In general, there are no special reasons to restrict a child from playing Minecraft. Moreover, unlike many other games, Minecraft can be a stimulus in the development of creative potential:
In addition, do not forget about the issue of purchasing the game. If you do not purchase the game, but shift this issue onto the shoulders of the child, then there is a high probability that he will either become a victim of scammers and simply lose money, or will acquire a pirated version that will contain some kind of malicious code.
In the summer, every mother thinks about treating her baby to fresh, delicious berries, for example, healthy blueberries. But in order for such a berry to bring only benefits to the baby, it is worth learning more about its properties, the optimal time for introducing it into complementary foods, the peculiarities of preparation for children and other nuances.
You can learn even more about the beneficial properties of blueberries by watching the program “Live Healthy.”
Babies under one year old can try blueberries for the first time at 7 months of age, provided there are no problems with stool.
Blueberries are introduced into children's diets in ground form (they are added to fruit purees), as well as in the form of juices. You can treat babies over one year old with whole berries, allowing them to eat from 1/2 to a whole glass a day. Children over 3 years old can eat 1 to 2 glasses of blueberries per day, if the berry is well tolerated.
Blueberries are also often added to yoghurts, cottage cheese, pies, desserts, jelly and other dishes.
The berries need to be sorted and washed under running water, then pour boiling water over the blueberries. For chopping, scalded berries are placed in a blender or ground through a sieve. For the first samples of blueberry puree, no sugar is added to the product.
This is the name of a dietary supplement, the main component of which is blueberry extract. It is supplemented with zinc and vitamins, therefore it is recommended as a general tonic. The supplement is prescribed to children over 3 years old, but is most often in demand for schoolchildren experiencing long-term eye strain. The drug is able to protect children's eyes from high stress and speed up recovery from inflammatory eye diseases.
Buy evenly colored whole berries for your child, the surface of which is smooth and dry.
Blueberries should be firm, sweet in taste and odorless. If the berries are pink or pale, they were picked too early and have not yet ripened.
Fresh blueberries should be stored in the refrigerator in an open container for no more than 5-7 days.
To preserve the berries for a longer time, blueberries can be ground with the addition of the same amount of sugar. This product is placed in a jar with a lid and kept in the refrigerator. If you cook it for 5-10 minutes, then some of the vitamins will be lost, but the product can be stored all winter.
Additionally, blueberries can be dried and frozen. If drying is planned, the berries are laid out in the sun for 2-3 hours, and then placed in an electric dryer or oven. These dried blueberries can be stored for up to two years. For freezing, the berries are not washed, but only cleaned of leaves and debris. Frozen blueberries can be stored for up to one year.
If an allergic reaction is detected to the first samples of blueberries, the berry should be immediately excluded from the diet. You can try giving blueberries again after a few months. If the allergy is severe, the child should be shown to a pediatrician to prescribe appropriate treatment.
After the end of the preschool period, the child becomes increasingly eager to go to school. He begins to realize that the student is perceived as an adult. At what age should a child be sent to school?
According to the adopted Law “On Education” in the Russian Federation, children are admitted to school starting from 6.5 years old and no later than 8 years old. Many parents often send their child to school from the age of 7. If a child turns 6 years and 7 months in September, then this time is quite suitable for admission to first grade.
Many parents are driven by the desire to have a precocious child, so they intend to send him to school from the age of 6. A special pedagogical and medical commission determines the child’s readiness for school. This commission includes:
The presence of a psychiatrist on the commission should not frighten parents; his task is to ask the child a couple of questions and find out the degree of readiness for school. Typically, questions are asked to test logical thinking and the ability to count mathematically up to 10. After passing this commission, the child receives official admission to school.
Sometimes there are situations when a child is not fully ready to attend school, but parents have a strong desire to send him there right now. The reasons for this can be very different: all his friends in the yard have already been accepted into school and he wants to go there, the parents are convinced that their baby is the smartest.
Often, the opinions of parents in this case are not entirely objective. To pass the commission, it is not enough to just be smart and understand many things; the child’s psychological readiness for school plays a decisive role. The child may have shyness or modesty in character, or lack of physical fitness. School for such children can turn into a serious challenge that they may not be able to cope with.
Therefore, experts advise parents not to rush to send their children to school. To begin with, they must be completely confident that the child will be comfortable at school. Before deciding to give up your child at an early age, you need to weigh all the pros and cons.
A child's readiness to learn and succeed in school is influenced by a number of important factors that need to be assessed before deciding to send them to school.
It will be easy for your child to study if he:
There are situations when the parental desire to prepare the child intellectually to the maximum has the opposite effect. At school, such children lose their desire to learn, because they already have basic knowledge.
At the same time, he must also have developed fine motor skills: the ability to cut with scissors, work with soft plasticine, fasten a zipper, and lace up shoes. Health status also plays an important role in determining readiness for school. If he is often sick or has chronic diseases, then it is better to consult a specialist about his readiness for school.