The description is valid on 12.04.2015
The drug contains staphylococcal toxoid . The medicine does not contain preservatives or antibiotics .
The drug is available in ampoules. The solution is whitish in color.
This drug serves to induce an immune response in the body aimed at pathogens and their toxins.
Toxoids are immunobiological agents that are used to develop active immunity in vaccinated individuals. They are used to prevent the development of various diseases.
Anatoxin is obtained as a result of special processing of bacterial exotoxins. It does not have pronounced toxic properties, but it can induce the production of antibodies to the original toxin.
Typically, toxoids are drugs that are prepared in the form of purified, concentrated solutions. Staphylococcal anatoxin is one of these. Its use is recommended not only for the prevention of infection , but also in the presence of immunodeficiency conditions .
When toxoid is introduced into the blood , specific antibodies . Thanks to this, recurrent diseases provoked by pathogens almost never occur. At a minimum, the likelihood of this pathology is significantly reduced.
The drug is also active against unrelated antigens . For this reason, it can be used for diseases that are provoked by pathogens of different origins.
This drug is indicated for specific immunotherapy of acute or chronic staphylococcal infection in adult patients.
The use of the drug is contraindicated in:
When using Staphylococcal Anatoxin, allergic reactions and pain at the injection site are possible. In addition, adverse reactions such as malaise , fever, general weakness, and exacerbation of the underlying infection . If these symptoms occur, there is no need to refuse treatment, but in some cases it is advisable to increase the time interval between injections.
The instructions for Staphylococcal Anatoxin indicate that the drug is injected subcutaneously into the lower corner of the scapula. With each injection, the right and left sides alternate.
This product should not be used if the integrity of the ampoule has been damaged or it has been stored incorrectly. It is necessary to open ampoules with medicine and administer it, strictly observing the rules of asepsis .
The course is designed for seven injections . They are done after 2 days, gradually increasing the dosage. At the beginning, 0.1 ml of the drug is administered. Each time the dose is increased by 0.2 ml. Once the dosage of 0.9 ml is reached, the next dose is 1.2 ml, then 1.5 ml.
In case of rapid clinical effect, the course can be reduced to 5 injections .
No data on overdose is provided.
The drug can be used in parallel with other general and local therapy. But you cannot combine the drug with immunoglobulins and anti-staphylococcal plasma .
The drug is not supplied to pharmacies. It applies exclusively to outpatient and inpatient .
This product must be kept in a dry, dark place out of reach of children. Storage temperature – 2-8°C. Ampoules should not be frozen.
Two years. Do not use ampoules after the expiration date.
Messages about the nature of the drug’s action can be read on some specialized forums. Typically, reviews of Staphylococcal Anatoxin are left by people who have completed a course of injections with this drug, but have noticed only slight improvements. Some also talk about a complete lack of results.
Experts are still debating whether it is advisable to use the drug. Some claim that it is the future, while others claim that there is no real benefit from using this product. At least one thing is obvious: you cannot use it yourself. Before injections, it is necessary to conduct appropriate laboratory tests.
You cannot buy Staphylococcal Anatoxin yourself in a pharmacy chain. It is supplied only to medical institutions. The price of Staphylococcal Anatoxin in a package of 10 ampoules (1 ml) is about 1250 rubles.
The description is valid on 20.02.2015
The active component of the drug Staphylococcal Bacteriophage is an anti-staphylococcal bacteriophage in liquid form, in the form of suppositories, ointments or tablets.
This drug is relatively new on the drug market and many patients have a natural question: “Bacteriophage - what is it?”
Bacteriophages are viral particles that kill only certain types of pathogenic bacteria. On their basis, appropriate drugs are created. The discovery of the drugs belongs to the Canadian scientist Felix D'Herelle.
An ordinary bacteriophage consists of a tail and a head. The tail is usually 3-4 times longer than the diameter of the head. The head contains double-stranded or single-stranded RNA or DNA with an inactive transcriptase , surrounded by a shell of protein or lipoprotein called the capsid .
As with conventional viruses, the reproduction cycle of lytic bacteriophages can be divided into adsorption of the phage on the cell wall, introduction of DNA, reproduction of the phage, and evacuation of daughter populations from the cell.
Attachment of the phage to the bacterial cell occurs due to its surface structures, which serve as specific receptors for viruses. In addition to receptors, phage attachment depends on temperature, acidity of the environment, the presence of cations and a number of other compounds. Up to 300 virus particles can be adsorbed on one cell.
After attachment, the cell wall is broken down enzymes . At the same time, calcium ions are released, activating ATPase - this causes contraction of the sheath and insertion of the tail shaft into the cell. The viral DNA is then injected into the cytoplasm. Having penetrated the bacterium, the phage DNA takes control of the cell’s genetic apparatus, carrying out the phage’s reproductive cycle.
First of all, the synthesis of enzymes necessary for the formation of copies of phage DNA ( DNA polymerases, thymidylate synthetase, kinases ) occurs. It takes 5-7 minutes from the moment of infection. 's RNA polymerase converts viral DNA into mitochondrial RNA, which is translated by ribosomes into early proteins. “Early” proteins are mainly viral RNA polymerase and proteins that limit the expression of bacterial genes. The viral RNA polymerase transcribes the so-called “late” proteins necessary for the assembly of new phage particles.
The reproduction of nucleic acids occurs due to the activity of synthesized DNA polymerases of the virus. By the end of the cycle, the components of the phage are combined into a mature virion.
Newly biosynthesized proteins in the cytoplasm form a pool of precursors. The other pool includes the DNA of the offspring. Specialized regions in the viral DNA induce the association of these proteins around groups of nucleic acid molecules and the synthesis of new heads. The head interacts with the tail to form a daughter phage. After the offspring are released, the host cell is destroyed, releasing a new population.
An alternative to cell destruction may be an integrative form of interaction in which the phage DNA, instead of replication, is integrated into the bacterial chromosome or becomes a plasmid . As a result, the viral genome replicates along with the host DNA.
The use of bacteriophages determines their clinical classification. Based on this thesis, the following types of bacteriophages can be distinguished:
The use of bacteriophage preparations in medicine is becoming increasingly widespread due to the increasing incidence of polyvalent resistance of pathogens to antibacterial agents.
How to take this medicine? The drug is used for the treatment and prevention of diseases caused by staphylococcus:
There are no contraindications to the use of this product.
Adverse reactions to the administration of the drug have not been established.
With the intradermal route of administration, short-term hyperemia and inflammation are possible.
The drug is injected into the site of infection. The frequency of injections and their size are determined by determining the clinical form of the disease, the nature of the infectious focus and standard recommendations. The average duration of treatment is 5-15 days. In cases of relapse, additional courses of treatment are possible. Instructions for using staphylococcal bacteriophage for children and adults are somewhat different. Recommendations for the use of the drug for children are given at the end of the section.
Liquid phage is allowed to be used topically in the form of lotions, irrigation or tamponing in a volume of up to 200 ml, taking into account the size of the affected area. An ointment is also available for topical use.
therapy of purulent-inflammatory limited lesions both locally and orally for 1-4 weeks.
For purulent-inflammatory lesions of the throat, ear or nose , the drug is used for rinsing, instilling, washing and administering moistened turundas 2-10 ml up to three times a day.
For carbuncles and boils , liquid bacteriophage is injected directly into or around the lesion, 0.5-2 ml daily. In total, up to 5 injections are given per course of treatment.
Treatment of chronic osteomyelitis is carried out by infusion of the drug into the wound immediately after surgical treatment.
In case of abscesses, the bacteriophage is injected into the cavity of the lesion, emptied of pus. When opening an abscess, a tampon moistened with the drug is inserted into the wound.
Treatment of deep pyodermatitis is carried out by making intradermal injections of the drug into one place of 0.1-0.5 ml or into several places in a total dose of up to 2 ml. Administration is carried out every 24 hours, a total of 10 injections.
For administration into the abdominal, pleural, and articular cavities , capillary drainage is used, and up to 100 ml of bacteriophage is injected every other day. There are only 3-4 such introductions.
For cystitis, the drug is injected into the bladder using a catheter.
For purulent bursitis, pleurisy or arthritis, the drug is administered into a cavity previously emptied of pus, 20 ml every other day. The course of treatment is 3-4 administrations.
Also, Staphylococcal bacteriophage is used orally in the form of tablets in the treatment of urogenital infections ( cystitis, pyelonephritis, pyelitis, salpingoophoritis, endometritis ), intestinal infections and other diseases caused by staphylococcus.
How to use Staphylococcal Bacteriophage for intestinal staphylococcal lesions and intestinal dysbiosis : the drug is used orally on an empty stomach three times a day, 2 hours before meals; The drug is prescribed rectally in the form of suppositories or enemas once a day. Treatment lasts 7-10 days.
For newborn children, the drug is diluted with an equal amount of water in the first 2 doses. It can also be mixed with breast milk.
For sepsis or enterocolitis in newborns, the drug is used by performing high enemas up to three times a day. A combination of rectal and oral use is permitted.
When treating pyoderma, omphalitis, purulent wounds in newborns, the drug is used in the form of applications twice a day and in the form of tablets - 1 piece up to four times a day. The ointment is used locally with bandages of 5-20 grams up to two times a day.
For the prevention of enterocolitis and sepsis in newborns, when there is a risk of developing a hospital infection or intrauterine infection, the drug is used in the form of enemas twice a day for a week.
In aerosol form, Staphylococcal Bacteriophage is used to irrigate affected mucous membranes and skin for purulent-inflammatory lesions, burns, septic wounds and sore throat .
The most justified use of this remedy is in cases of infection with antibiotic-resistant strains.
Such cases have not been studied.
If antiseptic solutions (not including furatsilin ) were used before local application of the product, the affected area should be washed with saline solution or 3% sodium bicarbonate .
Dispensing of the drug is permitted without a prescription.
Store at a temperature of 2-10 degrees in a dark place. Keep away from children.
Treatment with the drug should be started as early as possible.
The drug must be shaken before use; a cloudy solution should not be used.
When opening the bottle, storing and sampling the product, the following rules should be observed:
Subject to compliance with the specified rules and in the absence of turbidity, the product from the opened bottle can be used throughout the entire shelf life.
The drug is approved for use in newborns and children of all ages.
It is possible to use the product during the specified periods under the supervision of the attending physician.
Despite many cases of cure, the therapeutic effect of taking the drug is not guaranteed in all cases. This is evidenced by reviews of Staphylococcal Bacteriophage. This feature is more often detected when the product is used for newborns and young children.
The effectiveness of the drug may vary depending on the sensitivity of the particular strain to the phage and other factors that should be determined before starting treatment.
In some situations, parents prematurely stop the course of treatment for their infant, frightened by the supposedly worsening symptoms of the disease, and then report that the drug did not work on the child. In any case, before deciding to undergo therapy with this medicine, and during treatment, you should be observed by your doctor and clarify all unclear questions with him.
In Ukraine, the price of the drug Staphylococcal Bacteriophage liquid 100 ml produced by the Biopharma company (Kiev) averages 318 hryvnia.
In Russia, the price of staphylococcal and polyvalent Pyobacteriophage liquid bacteriophage in standard packaging of 20 ml No. 4 is almost the same and amounts to 710-960 rubles.
Buying a staphylococcal bacteriophage in Moscow (manufactured by NPO Microgen, Nizhny Novgorod) will cost 850-1200 rubles per 100 ml bottle.
Such drugs are almost never found in tablet or suppository forms in pharmacies.
Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive spherical bacterium that causes a wide range of different diseases: from mild acne to severe staphylococcal sepsis. Almost 20% of the population are its carriers, parasitizing the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract or skin.
Streptococcus aureus can cause the following superficial skin diseases:
Hair follicles with small erythematous nodules without spreading inflammation to the deeper layers are folliculitis.
Carbuncle is a type of superficial staph infection that occurs in thick, inelastic, fibrous areas of the skin (such as the upper back or back of the neck). Poor skin permeability in these areas leads to the fact that inflammation easily spreads, leading to the formation of a dense and painful large conglomerate, which consists of many purulent cells. In this case, local changes in the skin are accompanied by an increase in temperature and a deterioration in general condition.
Staphylococcal impetigo is less common than streptococcal impetigo, and generally resembles it. However, staphylococcal impetigo is characterized by multiple localized surface elements that are covered with a gray crust. An increase in temperature is observed quite rarely.
Local warming compresses, antibiotic therapy (dicloxacillin, cloxacillin) for a week, as well as ointments that promote the rapid release of the purulent core are prescribed. If the boil is localized in the eye sockets or other part of the face, then the drugs are administered intravenously. In some cases, carbuncle requires hospitalization.
Staphylococcal ACS is a generalized dermatitis caused by exfoliative staphylococcal toxin. Mostly children under 5 years of age, as well as adults with severe forms of immunodeficiency, are affected. The onset of the disease is characterized by the appearance of a local skin infection, which is accompanied by general weakness, malaise, and fever similar to what is observed with ARVI.
Then the ACS can take the following course options:
Most often, STS occurs in menstruating women who use intravaginal hyperabsorbent tampons. In this case, the disease begins in the first days of menstruation with the release of the pathogen from the vagina and its absence in the blood.
Treatment is complex, often in intensive care. The administration of antistaphylococcal antibodies, drainage of areas of staphylococcus accumulation, antibiotic therapy, and avoidance of the use of tampons during menstruation are indicated.
As a result of bacteremia, Staphylococcus aureus further spreads throughout the body and the formation of metastatic abscesses in the kidneys, myocardium, bones, spleen, brain, lungs and other organs.
Endocarditis can lead to heart defects and signs of heart failure.
Intravenous administration of an antibiotic to which Staphylococcus aureus is sensitive. Most often these are nafcillin, oxacillin, gentamicin, methicillin, cephalothin, cefazolin, doxacillin, vancomycin (for allergies to penicillins). Uncomplicated bacteremia can be carried out within 2 weeks, and in the case of endocarditis - up to 4-6 weeks.
Osteomyelitis is a purulent lesion of bone tissue, caused in most cases by Staphylococcus aureus. Mostly children suffer from this disease, although it also occurs quite often in adults, for example, spinal osteomyelitis. According to the nature of the course, it is customary to distinguish between acute and chronic forms of staphylococcal osteomyelitis.
In children, the first symptoms of acute osteomyelitis may be:
Osteomyelitis should be suspected in all cases where a child has pain in the legs or arms against the background of fever and leukocytosis in the blood.
In adults, osteomyelitis of the spine is less acute, observed mainly in the lumbar region and leads to the fusion of the vertebrae with each other and obliteration of the interdisc spaces.
It should be suspected if pain in the back or neck is accompanied by a high temperature. In this case, it is worth paying attention to the presence of a previous skin infection, local pain when pressing on the affected skin area and the release of Staphylococcus aureus from the blood.
In case of bone necrosis or the presence of periosteal abscesses, surgical treatment is performed.
Staphylococcus aureus causes pneumonia quite rarely (in approximately 1 in 100 cases of bacterial pneumonia). Most often it occurs after influenza and in infants.
Staphylococcal pneumonia is characterized by high fever, nonproductive cough and multiple thin-walled abscesses (pneumatocoels) detected on x-rays, and is often accompanied by purulent lesions (empyema) of the pleura. Because sputum cultures often do not detect the pathogen, the diagnosis is made based on the effectiveness of a trial treatment with antistaphylococcal drugs.
In some cases, Staphylococcus aureus causes pneumonia, which initially manifests itself only as tachycardia, increased breathing and increased temperature. With endocarditis of the right side of the heart, cavities can form in the lungs, purulent pleurisy and empyema can develop.
Without treatment, staphylococcus can infect surrounding tissues (prostate gland, perinephric tissue) and cause pyelonephritis or form kidney abscesses.
Treatment is carried out with antibacterial drugs, which predominantly accumulate in the urine or have a systemic effect.
This class of microorganisms has more than two dozen species, but only three of them are pathogenic. These are aureus , epidermal and saprophytic staphylococci .
The least dangerous is aprofitable staphylococcus , which very rarely affects children. But he is a big “fan” of women and causes a lot of trouble, causing inflammation of the bladder and kidneys. This is explained by the fact that its main habitat is the mucous membrane of the ureters and the skin in the genital area.
Staphylococcus epidermidis can live on any part of the skin and mucous membranes. Its pathogenic power is low, so a healthy body at any age, not excluding newborn children, can cope with it without difficulty. But for weakened people and for those who have undergone surgery, it can become a serious problem. Penetrating from the surface of the skin through wounds, urinary catheters and drainages into the body, it is capable of infecting the blood and causing inflammation of the inner lining of the heart - endocarditis .
Particularly dangerous is Staphylococcus aureus , which is not only resistant to synthetic antibiotics, but also withstands heating up to 150C for 10 minutes, as well as high-concentration saline solutions.
The main weapon of all pathogenic staphylococci are toxins , which accumulate during their reproduction in the body, as well as in food products - butter creams, vegetable, meat salads and canned food . In addition, when the body is directly infected with staphylococci, they cause local or systemic inflammatory responses.
The main risk factor for infection with these microbes is weakened immunity . Not a single pathogenic staphylococcus can break through the protective barriers of a healthy body, despite all its persistence and toxicity.
Staphylococcus aureus can also be transmitted to a child from the mother through milk or through intrauterine infection. Airborne and contact are two other common routes of infection with this pathogen.
Symptoms of diseases caused by staphylococci are extremely varied. However, the latent period of infection development lasts only a few days.
Here are the most dangerous diseases caused by staphylococci:
- pyoderma, boils, abscesses, sycosis and phlegmon;
— burn-like skin syndrome;
- damage to joints and bones (arthritis and osteomyelitis);
- toxic shock syndrome;
- pneumonia and pleurisy;
- staphylococcal enteritis and enterocolitis;
— poisoning with staphylococcal enterotoxin;
- brain abscess and staphylococcal meningitis;
- urinary tract diseases;
In infants, Staphylococcus aureus causes conjunctivitis , which is manifested by purulent discharge and swelling of the eyelid.
Herbal medicine that can resist staphylococci in general and Staphylococcus aureus in particular - complex herbal preparations, which include St. John's wort, calendula, echinacea, sage, celandine, plantain and chamomile. In addition to them, apricot, rose hips and black currants, garlic, horseradish and onions have antibiotic activity against these microbes. An excellent dual-action remedy against staphylococcus is aloe juice. The substances it contains strengthen the immune system and destroy harmful microorganisms.
plants that stimulate the production of hormones to the composition of herbal mixtures against staphylococcus . These are licorice root, black elderberry, linden and sunflower flowers.
Here is a good recipe for a multi-component herbal mixture that suppresses staphylococcus:
lungwort - 1 part, dill fruit - 1 part, primrose root - 1 part, violet herb - 1 part, mullein flowers - 1 part, plantain leaf - 2 parts, string grass - 3 parts, raspberry leaf - 3 parts, birch leaf - 1 part, nettle - 1 part, meadowsweet roots - 2 parts, rose hips - 3 parts, flax seed - 2 parts, coltsfoot leaf - 2 parts, elecampane roots - 1 part, marshmallow - 2 parts, licorice - 4 parts, wheatgrass - 2 parts, cinquefoil grass - 2 parts.
There is a simpler, but also very effective collection from this microbe:
currant leaf - 3 parts, bird cherry fruit - 4 parts, raspberry leaf - 3 parts, oregano - 2 parts, thyme - 2 parts, wormwood - 3 parts, plantain - 2 parts, coltsfoot - 2 parts, licorice - 3 parts.
Preparation of infusions: place 2 tablespoons of herbal mixture in a thermos and pour 1 liter of boiling water. Leave overnight. Take 100 ml throughout the day 30 minutes before meals. To improve the taste, you can add honey or jam. The course of treatment is 3-4 months.
The total duration of the fight against staphylococcus in some cases can reach 12 months. At the same time, every 3 months the herbal collection is changed to a new one, taking a two-week break before that. At the end of treatment, they switch to prophylactic intake of herbal mixtures in the fall and spring for 2 months. The above herbal preparations can be used in combination with other medications.
The children's dosage of infusions against staphylococcus in a daily dose of dry medicinal raw materials is: up to 1 year - 1/2 teaspoon, from 1 to 3 years - 1 teaspoon, from 3 to 6 years - 1 dessert spoon, from 6 to 10 years - 1 tablespoon. For children over 10 years of age and adults, take 2 tablespoons of the mixture to prepare the infusion.
We should not forget that treatment of diseases caused by staphylococcus must be accompanied by adherence to a special diet . Since blood glucose serves as a breeding ground for the proliferation of staphylococcus, it is necessary to sharply limit the consumption of carbohydrates contained in sweets. Their deficiency can be fully replaced by carbohydrates from cereals, potatoes, pasta and black bread. To burn off excess sugar in the blood, you should exercise regularly and walk in the fresh air.
The danger of Staphylococcus aureus is that it produces various toxins that cause harm to our body, for example:
One of the negative features of Staphylococcus aureus is its resistance to treatment with many antibiotics, including penicillin. For this reason, it causes serious outbreaks of nosocomial infections.
Staphylococcus aureus is diagnosed by taking appropriate smears and scrapings for bacteriological examination.
If the inflammatory process, in addition to the hair follicles, involves the sebaceous glands and deeper tissues, this is a boil. The favorite place for the formation of boils is areas of the body with an increased degree of contamination and maceration (neck, face, armpits, thighs and buttocks). At the initial stage, it is characterized by itching, slight soreness, which is subsequently replaced by intense pain when moving, swelling and severe redness. Recovery occurs after the boil opens.
In staphylococcal ACS, the pathogen is isolated from the nasopharynx or skin surface. They are treated locally, as well as with the help of antibacterial drugs, to which Staphylococcus aureus is sensitive.
TSS is another disease caused by toxins from Staphylococcus aureus. TSS manifests itself as an increase in temperature, redness of the skin like a suntan and subsequent peeling, as well as a sharp decrease in blood pressure. Severe cases of the disease are accompanied by vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, the development of kidney and liver failure, muscle pain, disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome and disorientation.
The source of bacteremia caused by Staphylococcus aureus can be almost any source of infection: boil, carbuncle, abscess, osteomyelitis, arthritis, infected intravenous catheter, dialysis shunt, unsterile needle of a drug addict, etc.
With bacteremia, pathogens enter the blood and disperse throughout the body, ultimately causing DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation), which clinically resembles meningococcemia. Due to high fever, vascular collapse and tachycardia, death can occur within 24 hours.
Bacterial endocarditis is one of the complications of staphylococcal bacteremia. It most often develops in people with weakened immune systems, as well as in drug addicts.
The development of the disease is characterized by the appearance of heart murmurs, signs of heart failure against the background of high fever, embolism, progressive anemia and non-cardiac complications of a septic nature. As a rule, staphylococcal endocarditis is characterized by the formation of abscesses in the myocardium and in the area of the corresponding opening where one of the heart valves is located.
The diagnosis of bacteremia or endocarditis is made based on the detection of antibodies to the components of the shell of Staphylococcus aureus by three times blood cultures (when treated with antibiotics, the number of cultures may be greater). The contents of pustules on the skin and urine are also subject to bacteriological examination.
Staphylococcus aureus, having caused infection of the skin or internal organs, spreads deeper and reaches the periosteum or medullary cavity near the epiphysis of the bone. Then a purulent focus is formed, which causes detachment of the periosteum from the bone and a subperiosteal abscess is formed, which breaks out and infects the surrounding tissue. If this abscess breaks into the joint cavity, staphylococcal arthritis develops. Subsequently, Staphylococcus aureus causes the death of bone tissue, leading to the growth of new bone tissue and the formation of callus. In some cases, osteomyelitis can be virtually painless for the patient, forming a cavity in the center of necrotic areas (Brodie's abscesses).
The diagnosis of staphylococcal osteomyelitis is based on bacteriological examination of blood and other body fluids, as well as X-ray data of altered bones. Already from the second week of the disease, on x-rays you can see the detachment of the periosteum, the thinning of the old bone tissue and the formation of new one. In chronic osteomyelitis, fistulous tracts are also often found.
Osteomyelitis is treated for 6 weeks with penicillinase-resistant synthetic penicillin, which is administered parenterally. In children with uncomplicated osteomyelitis, antibacterial agents are prescribed intravenously for 2 weeks, and then switched to oral administration over the next 2–4 weeks.
On the eve of the development of staphylococcal pneumonia, older children and adults note the appearance of a flu-like respiratory infection, accompanied by sudden chills, high fever, progressive shortness of breath, cyanosis, chest pain and cough mixed with pus or blood.
Treatment is carried out with antibiotics, to which staphylococcus is sensitive. The drugs are prescribed for 2 weeks in the form of injections, and then taken orally for 2-4 weeks. With a properly selected antibacterial agent, the temperature begins to decrease from the third or fourth day and gradually returns to normal. In case of empyema, drainage is inserted into the pleural cavity (prevention of the formation of bronchopleural fistulas and purulent pockets).
Urinary tract infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus is characterized by: